Curriculum Committee:

• Elnazeer Ibrahim Mohamed, Dean Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University (Associate Professor of Pharmaceutics).
• Bashier Ibrahim Osman, Dean Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum (Associate professor of Pharmacology)
• Intisar Abdelrahim Bashir, Dean Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Neelain University (Associate Professor of Pharmacognosy)
• Elrashied Ali Elobaid, Associate Professor of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum

 

 

List of contents

Content	Page No.
Mission	1
Vision	1
Values	1
Objectives	3
Rationale and Justification	3
Pharmacy Program	5
Introduction to  Pharmacy Program	5
Teaching Tools	6
Methods of Student’s Assessment	7
Pharmacy field training
Distribution of training hours during the academic year
Elective courses	7
Curriculum structure	8
Higher Education requirements syllabus (HR)	13
1-      Arabic Language	14
2-      Islamic Culture	16
3-      English Language	18
4-      Computer Science	22
5-      Sudanese Studies	26
Basic Science Syllabus (BS)	28
1-      General Chemistry	29
2-      Pharmaceutical Botany	31
3-      Physical Chemistry	33
4-      Mathematics	35
5-      Physics	36
6-      Cell Biology	38
7-      Analytical Chemistry	40
8-      Biostatistics	44
9-      Research Methodology	46
Basic Medical Science (MS)	47
1-      Anatomy	48
2-      Biochemistry	55
3-      Physiology	63
4-      Pathophysiology	73
5-      Genetics and Molecular Medicine
Applied Pharmaceutical syllabus (PH)	77
1-      Pharmaceutics	78
2-      Pharmaceutical Chemistry	90
3-      Pharmacognosy	109
4-      Pharmaceutical Analysis	116
5-      Pharmacy Practice	126
6-      Pharmaceutical Microbiology	147
7-      Pharmacology	152
8-      Pharmaceutical Technology
Faculty Requirement syllabus
Graduation Project

 

 

1. Mission:

The mission of ZUC program of Pharmacy is to participate in the development and promotion of its community through high quality and cost effective education, research, and professional services with the ultimate goal of attaining international recognition.

2. Vision:

ZUC B.Pharm. Program of Pharmacy will be one of the leading Sudanese Pharmaceutical programs with an international reputation achieved excellence by providing a high quality education in relation to core knowledge, skills, attitudes and values that are necessary for the provision of pharmaceutical services.

3. Values:

3.1. Integrity / Transparency:

ZUC Pharmacy program will operate as a community trust, supported and established by the citizens of Khartoum State, the Sudan at large and the international community. We will conduct our activities with integrity and steward our resources in an ethical manner.

3.2. Respect:

In ZUC, we will respect our colleagues, our students and our community. We treat others and their ideas in a manner that conveys respect as we discuss our differences. We will teach our students to respect their patients and co-patients, other members of the health care team and their colleagues.

3.3. Compassion:

Compassion defines a good Pharmacist, it is at the very center of all we do. We will seek students and faculty role models who have this trait and work to enhance it through education, research and service.

3.4. Collaboration/ Generosity/Partnership:

ZUC program will value what everyone in the region has to offer and believe our collaboration strengthens all. We will work to create partnerships with educational and health related organizations that support our mission – to provide our students an inter-professional education and to improve the health of the citizens of Khartoum State, Sudan at large and neighbors from African countries and other countries.  We will share what we have learned with others and assist whenever possible to serve the people of our state, nation and beyond.

 

 

3.5. Discovery and  Scholarship:

Discovery and scholarship are what differentiate academic Pharmacy program. ZUC will encourage faculty and students to continuously seek and advance the creation of knowledge to improve the human condition.

3.6 .Student Friendly:

ZUC is committed to students having an exceptional educational experience. It will seek feedback from students about improving the process of education, learn from their ideas, and provide educational services in a manner that respects students, supports their efforts to be good Pharmacists and scientists and provides a quality educational experience. Students will be partners in their education. ZUC will seek to encourage students to develop a balance between work and activities to promote a healthy lifestyle.

3.7. Community Health:

ZUC is committed to play a role in improving the Pharmaceutical services and care of the community and to contribute to the development of the community. It will involve students, faculty and staff in creating projects to increase the awareness of community health and work with other organizations who strive for the same goal.

3.8. Social Responsibility:

Our students, faculty and staff are part of a community, region, state and world. ZUC will encourage all to get involved with their area, contribute to its wellbeing and be active volunteers in bettering life. ZUC educational focus will emphasize service to the community.

3.9. Best Practices:

ZUC will not only teach our students that Pharmacy is best if supported by sound scientific evidence, but will disseminate information to faculty and community Pharmacist that will enable them to change practice as evidence dictates through the provision of access to library resources and continuing Pharmaceutical information.

3.10. Quality:

ZUC seeks to produce an educational experience of quality: quality in the delivery of Pharmaceutical Care and quality in our research and service efforts. Additionally, ZUC want to prepare students to understand the process of quality improvement in the Pharmacy practice.

 

 

3.11. Innovation:

Innovation is the heart of ZUC and thus it will be open to new ideas from faculty, students, and staff, seeks out new ideas and will evaluate them with open minds in order to continue to improve the efficacy of Pharmaceutical and health care and the health system.

3.12. Stewardship:

ZUC has been entrusted with a great responsibility- the education of the next generation of Pharmacists. This mandates that we live our values and focus on our mission to serve through education, research, Pharmaceutical care and community service.

3.13. Communication:

ZUC wants to instill in our students an understanding that good communication is a large part of being a good Pharmacist. It will work to develop communication skills in students. It will also remember that many people support the school from throughout the region and work to not only communicate our progress but to listen to their feedback and hopes for the college. It will communicate also with students, faculty, other members of the health care team and staff both by listening to ideas and sharing plans.

3.14. Lifelong Learning:

ZUC encourages students to understand that the process of growth and learning is continual. It will seek faculty who model the desire to learn and improve practice, develop continuing Pharmaceutical education offerings to the region and prepare students to modify practice based on new evidence.

4. Objectives:

To enable the student to:

1. Practice according to the internationally accepted code of ethics.
2. Accept the responsibility of continuing professional education in order to utilize advances in pharmaceutical sciences and to benefit from further postgraduate training in Sudan or elsewhere.
3. Initiate research into local health problems and traditional medicinal plants as well as research into other fields of pharmaceutical and/or medical interests.
4. 5. Rationale and Justification:
5. Provision of an innovative Pharmacy education program by the charity Medical Education Institute.
6. A good addition to delivery of high quality Pharmaceutical service in a densely populated area such as Khartoum State.
7. Availability of large number of pensioners with a wealth of experience in innovative Pharmaceutical education and Pharmaceutical service delivery.
8. Provision of extra chances in innovative program of Pharmaceutical education for a large number of Sudan General Certificate students who obtained very high percentages (>75%) and yet fail to get chance of University education.

 

PHARMACY PROGRAM

Introduction:

The establishment of a modern pharmacy program is a unique idea leading to a creation of complementary biomedical disciplines, which will be a model for integration of health care education as well as for inter-disciplinary research. This will enable pharmacy students to study certain subjects of clinical nature. Such studies and clinical rounds would increase contact and mutual acceptance of the respective knowledge and will ensure the acceptance of the future pharmacist as an integral member of the healthcare team.

To keep peace and to meet the changing needs and demands of the society and profession the pharmacy program is embarking on a teaching program to enable hospital settings. both the theoretical and practical courses intended to provide the opportunity for students to gain greater experience in patient –centered learning environments and to work co-operatively with other health care practitioners as practicing members of the health care team, it is the goal of the program to prepare pharmacists who can assume expanded responsibilities for the clinical use of drugs and assist in the provision of rational drug therapy.

The course is structured to provide an excellent education for future pharmacists on the basis of a sound inter –disciplinary science degree course built on bridging chemistry and biology.

This program aims to: –

1. Provide a sound scientific foundation on which the graduate can base an effective career as pharmacist.
2. Provide a breadth of instruction and experience so that the graduate will be able effectively to apply the acquired scientific understanding in their chosen branch of pharmacy and as well as to set their knowledge of pharmacy in the wider social and scientific context.
3. Develop the ability of the student to learn, to work effectively both independently and as a member of the health care team, to design and carry out experiments, to assemble, analyses and assimilate information and to disseminate information effectively for other health care providers.
4. Development of research capabilities.

 

 

 

Faculty departments:

1. Pharmaceutical chemistry
2. Pharmacology
3. Pharmacognosy
4. Pharmaceutics
5. Pharmacy Practice
6. Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Medium of instruction and examination:

English

Duration of the program:

The duration of the Bachelor of pharmaceutical science (B. Pharm.) is 5 years (10 semesters) fulltime regular course.

Systems of Courses Coding:

The code consists of two letters and three digits.  The letters representing the course category, while the first digit (after letters) represent the academic level, second for Semester and the third digit represent  the course.

Teaching tools:

Lectures

Practical.

Tutorials.

Seminars.

Field Training.

Assignments and reports.

Research Projects.

Methods of student’s assessment:

Continuous assessment should be carried out during the whole period of this curriculum application and should contain:

1. Tests during terms.
2. Practical Examinations.
3. Performance during lectures
6. Oral exams.
7. Training assessment
8. Graduation research project.

Subjects Code:

Code	Category
HR	Courses related to Higher Education and University Requirements
BS	Courses related to Basic Sciences
MS	Courses related to Basic Medical Sciences
PH	Courses related to Basic or Applied Pharmaceutical sciences
FR	Faculty  required Activities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Programmed study plan

First year

Semester I:

Code	Course Name	Credit hours
BS111	General Chemistry	2(2+0)
HR111	Computer Science	2(1+1)
HR112	Arabic Language	4(4+0)
HR113	English Language	4(4+0)
BS112	Mathematics	2(2+0)
BS113	Physics	2(2+0)
BS114	Cell Biology	2(1+1)
Total		18

 

 

 

 

Semester II:

Code	Course Name	Credit hours
PH121	Pharmaceutics I	2(2+0)
BS125	Botany	2(1+1)
PH122	Pharmaceutical Chemistry I (Organic chemistry I)	3(2+1)
BS126	Physical Chemistry	2(2+0)
HR124	Islamic Studies	4(4+0)
HR125	Sudanese studies	2(2+0)
MS121	Gross Anatomy	2(1+1)
Total		17

 

 

 

 

 

Second year

 

Semester III:

Code	Course Name	Credit hours
PH211	Pharmaceutics II	3(2+1)
MS212	Biochemistry I	3(2+1)
MS213	Physiology I	3(2+1)
PH212	Pharmaceutical Chemistry II (Organic chemistry II)	3(2+1)
BS217	Analytical Chemistry	3(2+1)
PH213	Pharmacognosy I	3(2+1)
Total		18

 

 

 

Semester IV:

Code	Course Name	Credit hours
PH221	Pharmaceutics III	3(2+1)
MS222	Biochemistry II	3(2+1)
MS223	Physiology II	3(2+1)
PH223	Pharmacognosy II	3(2+1)
PH222	Pharmaceutical Chemistry III (Organic chemistry III)	3(2+1)
PH224	Pharmaceutical Analysis I	3(2+1)
PH225	Pharmacy Practice I	2(2+0)
Total		20

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Third year

 

Semester V:

Code	Course Name	Credit hours
PH311	Pharmaceutics IV	3(2+1)
MS314	Pathophysiology	2(2+0)
PH315	Pharmacy Practice II	2(1+1)
PH312	Pharmaceutical Chemistry IV (Medicinal chemistry I)	2(2+0)
PH314	Pharmaceutical Analysis II	2(1+1)
PH313	Pharmacognosy III	3(2+1)
PH316	Pharmaceutical Microbiology I	3(2+1)
PH317	Pharmacology I	3(2+1)
Total		20

 

 

 

Semester VI:

Code	Course Name	Credit hours
PH321	Pharmaceutics V	3(2+1)
PH326	Pharmaceutical Microbiology II	3(2+1)
PH325	Pharmacy Practice III	2(2+0)
PH322	Pharmaceutical Chemistry V (Medicinal chemistry II)	2(2+0)
PH324	Pharmaceutical Analysis III	3(2+1)
PH323	Pharmacognosy IV	3(2+1)
PH327	Pharmacology II	3(2+1)
Total		19

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fourth year

 

Semester VII:

Code	Course Name	Credit hours
PH411	Pharmaceutics VI	3(2+1)
PH416	Pharmaceutical Microbiology III	3(2+1)
PH415	Pharmacy Practice IV	2(2+0)
PH412	Pharmaceutical Chemistry VI (Medicinal chemistry III)	2(2+0)
PH414	Pharmaceutical Analysis IV	2(1+1)
PH413	Pharmacognosy V	3(2+1)
PH417	Pharmacology III	3(2+1)
BS418	Biostatistics	2(1+0)
Total		20

 

 

 

 

Semester VIII:

Code	Course Name	Credit hours
PH421	Pharmaceutics VII	3(2+1)
PH418	Pharmaceutics Technology	3(2+1)
PH426	Pharmaceutical Microbiology IV	3(2+1)
PH425	Pharmacy Practice V	2(2+0)
PH422	Pharmaceutical Chemistry VII (Medicinal chemistry IV)	2(2+0)
PH424	Pharmaceutical Analysis V	3(2+1)
PH423	Pharmacognosy VI	3(2+1)
PH427	Pharmacology IV	3(2+1)
BS429	Research Methodology	2(2+0)
Total		24

 

 

 

 

Fifth year

 

Semester IX:

Code	Course Name	Credit hours
PH511	Pharmaceutics VIII	2(2+0)
PH 512	Pharmaceutical Chemistry VIII (Medicinal chemistry V)	2 (2+0)
PH 513	Pharmacognosy VII	3(2+1)
PH 515	Pharmacy  Practice VI	3(2+1)
PH 519	Pharmacotherapy I	3(2+1)
BM 525	Genetics and Molecular Medicine	2 (2+1)
FR 511	Graduation Project I	3(0+3)
Total		18

 

 

 

 

Semester X:

Code	Course Name	Credit hours
PH521	Pharmaceutics IX	2(2+0)
PH525	Pharmacy Practice VII	3(2+1)
PH523	Pharmacognosy VIII	2(2+0)
PH529	Pharmacotherapy II	3(2+1)
FR521	Graduation Project II	3(0+3)
PH 516	Pharmaceutical microbiology V (Biotechnology)	2(2+0)
Total		15

 

Total Program Credit Hours = 189

 

 

 

 

Higher Education requirements syllabus (HR)

1-     Islamic Culture

2-     Arabic Language

3-     English Language

4-     Sudanese Studies

•    Computer Science

 

اسم المقرر: اللغة العربية -1

رمز للمقرر:HR 112

الساعات المعتمدة: اربعه ساعات

الفصل الدراسي: الأول

الفترة الزمنية المقرر: 15 أسبوع

الطلاب المعنيون: طلاب كلية الصيدلة

وصف االمقرر:

تم اعداد هذا المقرر ليزود الطالب بقواعد اللغة العربية وأساسيات الترجمة والتعريب التي تمكنه من استخدام المصادر العلمية وتمكنه من تجنب الأخطاء الشائعة في اللغة العربية ومعالجتها

أهداف المقرر:

عند إتمام دراسة المقرر ينبغي أن يكون الطالب قادراً على :

1- معرفة حقيقة اللغة ونشأتها ومعالجة الأخطاء الشائعة بين الطلاب

2- الإلمام بصياغة المصطلح العلمي ووضعه  من المصادر المختلفة

3- معرفة بعض العلوم المساعدة فى وضع المصطلح العلمي كالنحت والاشتقاق

4- الإلمام بقواعد وأساسيات الترجمة والتعريب .

5- معرفة المستويات اللغوية والاختلاف بين الإنجليزية والعربية في النبر

طرق التدريس:

محاضرات

سمنارات

مجموعات نقاش

 

تقويم المقرر:

امتحان تحريري: 80%

أنشطة: 20%

محتويات المنهج:

الأسبوع الأول	مقدمة في اللغة العربية
الأسبوع الثاني	حقيقه اللغة ونشأتها
الأسبوع الثالث	الفرق بين اللغة وعلم اللغة
الأسبوع الرابع	نافذة على اللغة: معالجة الأخطاء الشائعة وسط الطلاب
الأسبوع الخامس	أساليب الكلام: الإيجاز والإطناب والمساواة
الأسبوع السادس	الترقيم: الأغراض
الأسبوع السابع	الترقيم : علاماته واستخداماتها
الأسبوع الثامن	المصطلح العلمي : قوانين صياغة المصطلح العلمي .
الأسبوع التاسع	وضع المصطلح العلمي من التراث.
الأسبوع العاشر	وضع المصطلح العلمي من الطرق المتعددة لتوليد الألفاظ
الأسبوع الحادي عشر	وضع المصطلح من الصياغة العربية للعرب والدخيل
الأسبوع الثاني عشر	وضع المصطلح العلمي من الجهود المبذولة من قبل العلماء
الأسبوع الثالث عشر	الاشتقاق وتعريفه تقسيم اللغات حول الاشتقاق
الأسبوع الرابع عشر	أصل الاشتقاق
الأسبوع الخامس عشر	أنواع الاشتقاق

 

 

اسم المقرر: الثقافة الإسلامية-1

رمز المقرر:   HR113

الساعات المعتمدة: اربعه ساعات

الفصل الدراسي: الأول

الفترة الزمنية المقرر: 15 أسبوع

وصف المقرر:

هذا المقرر يمكن الطالب من التعرف على خصائص الثقافة الإسلامية والعقيدة، علاقة الإنسان بالكون، التعرف على أفاق الحضارة الإسلامية،  والإعجاز العلمي في الإسلام. كما يجعله ملماً برأي الدين في بعض التطبيقات الحديثة في العلوم الطبية.

أهداف المقرر:

عند إتمام دراسة المنهج ينبغي أن يكون الطالب قادرا على :

1- تحقيق علاقة متينة بينة وبين ربه في كل عمل يقوم به

2- تزويد نفسه بجملة من المعارف الإسلامية التي تعينه على فهم الدين فهما مستنيراً واعياً

3- خلق إحساس متين في نفسه بأن الدين مرتبط بالعمل وبالنمط السلوكي للفرد المسلم الوقوف على التراث الإسلامي المتنوع والقدرة على فهمه واستيعابه والإفادة منه في الحياة الدنيا

4- مناقشة وتبيين رأي الدين في القضايا الطبية الحديثة

طرق التدريس:

محاضرات

سمنارات

مجموعات نقاش

تقويم المقرر:

امتحان تحريري: 80%

أنشطة: 20%

محتويات المنهج:

مفاهيم وخصائص الثقافة الإسلامية	الأسبوع الأول
مفاهيم وخصائص الثقافة الإسلامية	الأسبوع الثاني
مفهوم العقيدة الإسلامية  وأركانها	الأسبوع الثالث
الصفات الواجبة والجائزة والمستحيلة في حق الله تعالى وفى حق الرسل	الأسبوع الرابع
علاقة الإنسان بالكون وبخالقه وبالمجتمع	الأسبوع الخامس
تعريف الحضارة (روائع الحضارة الإسلامية)	الأسبوع السادس
خصائص الحضارة الإسلامية في المجالات الطبية	الأسبوع السابع
تعريف العلمانية،  نشأتها وأثارها	الأسبوع الثامن
حقوق وواجبات الإنسان في القوانين الوضعية	الأسبوع التاسع
حقوق وواجبات الإنسان في الإسلام	الأسبوع العاشر
الناحية العلمية للاستنساخ  ومجالاته	الأسبوع الحادي عشر
رأي الدين مفصلاً في الاستنساخ	الأسبوع الثاني عشر
الإعجاز في أسلوب القران الكريم	الأسبوع الثالث عشر
الإعجاز العلمي في القران الكريم	الأسبوع الرابع عشر
الأعجاز العلمي في السنة النبوية الشريفة	الأسبوع الخامس عشر

 

Course title: English language

Course code: HR 115

Intended semester: (1)

Course duration: 15 weeks

Credit hours: 4(4+0)

Course description:

This course covers the basic grammatical rules make the student capable to write and speak English fluently.

Course objectives:

By the end of this course, students should be able to:

Write and speak English fluently.

Identify the bases of English language grammar.

• Define nouns, verbs, and adjectives and recognize combination between these items and syntax used in scientific writings.
• Identify the infinitive, passive, and omission uses, and their combination with scientific syntax.
• Use miscellaneous syntax in scientific writings.

Instruction methods:

• Tutorials and seminars.

Evaluation:

• Theory examination: 80%.

• Activities: 20%.

Course contents:

Week (1)	Nouns 1: Compound nouns. Nouns with the same form as verbs. Nouns+ of this king. Nouns+ ending in-ion, y, ance, -ence,-ment. Nouns ending in – al,- or,-ability,-ability.
Week (2)	Nouns 2: Present, past participle+ noun. That, those to replace nouns. Of+ ( adjective ) noun. That to replace singular noun. Whose to replace plural nouns.
Week (3)	Infinitive: Was seen + infinitive. Is said + infinitive. Can be + past participle + infinitive, present participle. Infinitive to replace so that, result that.
Week (4)	Verbs: Verbs formed with- fly, en-, en. Verbs meaning show. Verbs formed from nouns. Has to replace other verbs. On  . . . . . . .  ing to replace when + verb.
Week (5)	Past participle: Before being + past participle. In, un before adjectives/ past participle. Is said to have + past participle. When / if past participle.
Week (6)	Past and present participle: Which + passive + to be + past participle. Which + passive + to have + past participle. P resent participle to replace which + verb. Contraction of which + present. Description of experiment ( passive).
Week (7)	Passive Passive with agent. passive without agent. Contraction of which + passive. Negative passive + infinitive. Passive + to have + past participle. Passive summery writing.
Week (8)	Adjectives Adjective ending in – ar, – ic. Adjective + enough + infinitive. Is said to be + adjective. Un-, in-, im-, ab- + adjective.
Week (9)	Omission Omission to avoid repetition. Omission of preposition Omitting nous to avoid repetition. Do, does , did to avoid repetition.
Week (10)	Miscellaneous – 1 Known as. On /after   . . . . . . .ing. For  . . . . . .  . . .ing  purpose. Question word + ever.
Week (11)	Miscellaneous – 2 Provided with. Able, unable to = can, cannot. The case. In that case. BY that meant.
Week (12)	Miscellaneous-3 Being showing result / reason. Owing to the fact that. And vice versa. And vice versa. Not  . . . . . .  .But . . . . . . The former / The later.
Week (13)	Miscellaneous-4 Of which to replace whose. Having to replace which has, have. The more ……..the more……. By this is meant. Although.
Week (14)	Miscellaneous –5 Differ / worry. The reason for  . . . . . . . . . is that. Due to the fact that. If it were not for.
Week (15)	Miscellaneous-6 Contraction of relative clause. Phrase or clause to begin a sentence. Possess to replace have. Might to express doubt, possibility. Summary writing.

 

 

 

Course title: Computer Sciences

Course code: HR111

Credit hours: 2(1+1)

Intended semester: (1)

Course duration: 15 weeks

 

Course description:

This course provides the basic knowledge make the students capable to develop computer and information literacy skills and use the computer in different educational and professional activities.

Course objectives:

By the end of this course, student should be able to:

• Recognize the core concepts of information literacy and essential techniques for locating, analyzing, organizing and presenting information.
• Use the mouse, disk and file management and overall desktop techniques.
• Discuss the wide-range use of computers today in information processing.
• Use common office application software along with communications software.
• Have the ability in using one specific operating system and should be aware of the existence of other operating systems, networks and their characteristics.
• Identify the basic concepts of spreadsheets and to demonstrate the ability to use a spreadsheet application on a personal computer.
• Accomplish basic operations associated with developing, formatting and using a spreadsheet.

Evaluation:

• Theory examination: 40%.
• Practical examination: 40%.
• Activities: 20%.

Instruction methods:

• Tutorials and seminars.

Course contents:

Week (1)	General Concepts: Hardware, Software, Information Technology. Types of Computer. Main Parts of a Personal Computer.
Week (2)	Hardware: Central Processing Unit.
Week (3)	Hardware: Input Devices. Output Devices.
Week(4)	Storage: Memory Storage Devices. Types of Memory.
Week (5)	Storage: Measuring Memory. Computer Performance.
Week(6)	Software: Types of Software. Operating System Software.
Week (7)	Software: Applications Software. Systems Development.
Week (8)	Information Networks: LAN  and WAN. The Telephone Network in Computing.
Week (9)	Information Networks  and electronic Mail
Week (10)	Information Networks: The Internet.
Week (11)	Computers in Everyday Life: Computers in the home. Computers at Work or in Education. Computers in Daily Life.
Week (12)	IT and Society: A changing world. A good workplace. Health and Safety.
Week (13)	Security, Copyright and the Law: Security. Computer Viruses.
Week (14)	Security, Copyright and the Law: Copyright. Data Protection Act.
Week (15)	Tutorial

 

Practical:
Week (1)	First steps with computer. Start and shut down the computer properly. Basic Information and Operations. View the computer’s basic system information.
Week (2)	Desktop Environment. Work with icons.
Week (3)	Desktop Environment. Work with Windows.
Week (4)	Organizing Files. Directories/Folders.
Week (5)	Organizing Files. Duplicate Move, Delete and Restore.
Week(6)	Organizing Files. Searching.
Week (7)	Simple Editing. Use a text editing application.
Week (8)	Tutorial
Week (9)	Print Management. Setup & Print Outputs.
Week (10)	First steps with spreadsheets. Open a spreadsheet application.
Week (11)	Basic Operations Insert and Select Data.
Week (12)	Formulas and Functions: Format Cells – CellRanges
Week (13)	Formulas and Functions: Spelling and document Setup
Week (14)	More Advanced Features: Importing Objects
Week (15)	Tutorial

 

 

Course Title: Sudanese Studies الدراسات السودانية))

Course Code: HR114

Credit Hours: 2 (2+0)

Course Duration: 1 semester

Intended semester: semester I of the first year

الاهداف العامة:

• تزويد الطالب في بداية مرحلته الجامعية بالمعارف الأساسية عن وطنه وقضاياه.
• صياغة الطالب وإعداده من خلال تقوية و تنمية روح الجماعة و المواطنه للإسهام الفاعل فى بناء الوطن و تنميته و الزود عنه.
• إبراز مكونات وخصائص المجتمع السودانى من تنوع وتعدد إثنى وثقافى ودينى كعنصر قوة, وتاثير ذلك فى بناء الشخصية السودانية المتميزة وإمكانية توظيفه فى تمتين النسيج الاجتماعى وتحقيق الوحدة الوطنية.
• تعريف الطالب بإسهامات بعض الرموز الوطنية للإغتداء بها.
• المام الطالب بمصادر الدراسات السودانية.
• سيتم توجيه محتوى بعض المفردات مثل الموارد و الرموز و الشخصيات لخدمة اهداف كلية الصيدلة.

مدة الدراسة:

الفترة الاولى من السنة الاولى

    الساعات التدريسية الفعلية للفصل الدراسي:

المحاضرات: 2×15  =  30  ساعة

مفردات المادة:

المدخل العام:

ماهية و اهداف الدراسات السودانية و مصادرها.

• الجغرافيا والسكان.
• التطور التاريخى و السياسى(خريطةزمنية)
• الموارد الاقتصادية والمشروعات التنموية الكبرى.
• الثقافة و الهوية السودانية.
• ترسيخ الوحدة فى إطار التنوع و إبراز كيفية توظيف التنوع القبلى و الثقافى التعدد الدينى فى بناء وطن واحد موحد يسع الجميع و تسوده قيم التسامح والتعاون والتكافل.

 

 

 بعض المصادر و المراجع:

• ب. زكريا بشير امام, التخطيط الاسترتيجى و التعليم العالى فى الوطن العربى, اشادة خاصة للسودان, الخرطوم 2003م.
• د. احمد ابراهيم دياب, الهوية السودانية عبر التاريخ.دراسة تاصيلية. معهد بحوث دراسات العالم الاسلام,جامعة امدرمان الاسلامية دورية رقم(3)2002م.
• د. احمد عبد العال, الفن الافريقى,مفاهيم نحو آفاق جديدة, مجلة دراسات افريقية, جامعة افريقيا العالمية, العدد(35) يونيو 2006م.

 

Syllabus of Basic Sciences (BS)

• General Chemistry
• Pharmaceutical Botany
• Physical Chemistry
• Mathematics
• Physics
• Analytical Chemistry
• Biostatistics
• Research Methodology

 

 

Course Name: General chemistry

Allocated hours: 2 credit hrs. (2+0)

Code: BS111

Intended semester: Semester (1)

Course description:

This is a preliminary and a pre-requisite course to the organic, physical, analytical and medicinal chemistry. The course introduces students to the fundamentals of organic and inorganic chemistry. The first part is foundation chemistry including atomic structure, bonding theory, chemical bonds, acids and bases, intermolecular forces and their effect on physical properties and elemental analysis. The second part is inorganic chemistry.

Course Contacts:

• Lectures 30 hrs

Course objectives:

• To build on students’ understanding of fundamental principles developed in organic chemistry (description of chemical bonding, formulae, acidity and basicity).
• To build on students’ understanding of the tetravalence of carbon atoms, hybridization, geometries and structures of carbon compounds.
• To build on students’ understanding the chemistry of the inorganic with the relevance to pharmaceutical science.

Course content

Lectures:

Foundations of Chemistry (20 hrs)

• Introduction to chemistry, periodic table and carbon atom family.
• Atomic structure Orbitals and Electronic configuration.
• Bonds and development of bonding theory.
• Ionic bond, Covalent bond and Valence bond theory.
• Hybridization and shape of molecules.
• (sp3, sp2 and sp carbon hybridization), Hybridization of other atoms (Oxygen, Nitrogen, Boron, Beryllium).
• Formal charge, resonance, writing Lewis structure.
• Polar covalent bond.
• Electronegativity, Dipole moment and Bond dissociation energy.

• Physical properties and molecular structures (intermolecular forces.
• Dipole-dipole, Ionic-ionic, Hydrogen bond and Van der Waals forces.
• Solubility concept.
• Ionic compounds and Nonionic compounds.
• Acid and bases.
• Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis definitions.
• Isomerism.
• Qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis.

Inorganic chemistry (10 hrs)

• Introduction to inorganic chemistry.
• Basics of inorganic chemistry.
• Organometallic chemistry.
• Radiochemistry.
• Chemical principles with relevant to pharmaceuticals.

List of Readings:

• Organic Chemistry, Mc-Murry J (ed.), 8th edition, Brooks / Cole, Cengage Learning, Jan 2011.
• Organic Chemistry, Graham Solomons TW, Craig B Fryhile (eds.), 10th edition, John Wiley and Son, INC, 2011.
• Organic Chemistry, Hart H, Leslie E Grain et al (eds.),13th edition, Brooks / Cole, Cengage Learning, 2012.

• Organic Chemistry, Morrison RT and Boyd RN (eds.), 7th edition.
• Essentials of Inorganic Chemistry: For Students of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, Katja A. Strohfeldt (ed.), Published Online: 30 JAN 2015.

Course Title: Botany

Course Code: BS122

Credit Hours: 3(2+1)

Course Duration: one semester

Intended semester: semester 2 of the first year

Aim:

To prepare the student for the Pharmacognosy and natural product courses.

Objectives:

At the end of this course; students will be familiar with:

• The principles of plant classification and the major classes of plant kingdom.
• The difference between the plant and animal cell and the importance of this for the plant.
• The morphology and histology of each plant organ.

Contact time per semester:

Lectures             2×15 = 30 hrs

Practical’s          3×12 = 36 hrs

Tutorial              3×3 =   09 hrs

Total                          = 75 hrs

Course content:

• Introduction to plant.
• Principle of plant taxonomy.
• Plant morphology.
• Plant anatomy.
• The root apex, primary structure of roots and roots modification.
• The shoot apex.
• The primary structure of stems.
• Secondary growth of root and stem.
• Development and anatomy of the leaves.
• Adaptation to the environment.
• Shoot modification.
• Structural and numerical chromosome aberrations.

Recommended Reading:

• A Class Book of Botany, AC Dutta.
• Lawson’s Botany, by EW Simon; KJ Dormer and JN Hatshorn.

Course Name: Physical Chemistry

Allocated hours: 2 credit hrs (2+0)

Code: BS123

Intended semester: Semester 2

Course Description:

This course provides a basic understanding of the core area of physical chemistry, based around the theme of systems, states and processes. Topics covered are atomic structures, periodic table of elements, molecular forces and bonds, states of the matter, chemical thermodynamics, equilibria, and kinetics.

Course contacts:

Lectures 30 hrs .

• Course Objectives:
• On successful completion of this course, students will be able to:
• Develop an understanding of the breadth and concepts of physical chemistry.
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the properties of gases, molecules in motion and the rates of chemical reactions.
• Understand and demonstrate knowledge of the three laws of thermodynamics.
• Understand and apply the concepts of chemical equilibrium and the response of chemical equilibria to temperature and pressure.
• An appreciation of the role of physical chemistry in the chemical sciences.
• Develop skills in procedures and instrumental methods applied in analytical and practical tasks of physical chemistry.
• Develop some understanding of the professional and safety responsibilities residing in working with chemical systems.

Course content:

Lectures

• Introduction to physical Chemistry and Atomic Structure (2 hrs):
• Basic structure of an atom, Atomic Number and Mass Number, Isotopes, Avogadro’s number, Periodic Table, Periodic Trends (Atomic radii, Ionic radius, Ionization Energy, Electron Affinity, Electronegativity, Metallic character).
• Quantum numbers and Electronic configuration (2 hrs):
• The Bohr model & Schrödinger’s model, Principal Quantum Number, Angular Momentum Quantum Number, Magnetic Quantum Number, Electron Spin Quantum Number, Rules for Assigning Electron Orbitals, Pauli Exclusion Principle, Hund’s Rule, Exception to aufbau principle.

• States of the matter (Gas, Liquid) (6 hrs):
• Gas Laws, Non ideal gas (real gas), Liquid, Saturated vapour pressure, Distillation, Miscible liquid-liquid mixtures, Raoult’s Law, Vapour pressure/composition diagrams, Real solutions, Zeotrope and Azeotrope, Immiscible liquid-liquid mixture, Surface Tension, Adhesive Forces, Solution of involatile solutes (Colligative Properties), Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure, Phase Diagram.
• Nuclear Chemistry (4 hrs):
• Radioactivity, Alpha Radiation (α), Beta Radiation (β ), Gamma Radiation (γ), Nuclear Equations, Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay, Stimulated Nuclear Reactions, Nuclear Binding Energy, Nuclear reactors, Detection and measurement of radioactivity, Application of Radioactivity
• Thermodynamics (4 hrs):
• Introduction to chemical thermodynamic, Heat and temperature, Energy forms, The First law of Thermodynamics, Internal energy and enthalpy, Free energy and entropy, Second law of Thermodynamics, Gibbs free energy, Chemical potential, μ, Third law.
• Chemical kinetics (4 hrs):
• Factors That Affect Reaction Rates, Rates of Reactions, Dependence of Rates on Concentration, Effect of Temperature (Arrhenius equation), Effect of Catalysis, Reaction Mechanisms
• Chemical equilibrium (4 hrs):
• Le Chatelier’s Principle, Completeness of reactions, Solubility Product Constant, The Common Ion Effect, Activity & Activity Coefficients, Effect of pH on Solubility.
• Acid-base equilibrium (4 hrs):
• Acid-Base definitions, Acid-Base equilibria in water, The pH scale, pH and pOH for weak acids and bases, Salts of weak acids and bases, Buffers, Polyprotic acids and their salts, Physiological Buffers

List of Readings:

• • Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry (I and II), by Beckelt and Stenlake.
  • Quantitative analysis, by Day and Underwood.

 

Course Title: Mathematics

Course Code: BS124

Credit Hours: 2 (2+0)

Course Duration: One semester

Intended semester: semester II of the first year.

Aim:

The aim of this course is to introduce the students to mathematic relevant to pharmacy.

Objective:

By the end of the course the students will be able:

• To understand the basic principles of applied mathematics
• To use mathematical knowledge in pharmaceutical calculations

Contact time per semester:

Lectures    = 30 hrs.

Course content:

• Algebra.
• Functions.
  Trigonometry.
• Differentiation and Integration.
• Statistics and Probability: “Elementary probability”.
• Estimation.
• Confidence intervals and tests.
• Applied mathematics.
• Dimensions and units.
• Mathematics fundamentals.

Recommended references:

• Developmental mathematics; ML Keyed and ML Bittinger.

Course Title: Physics

Course Code: BS125

Credit Hours: 2(2+0)

Course Duration: One semester

Intended semester: semester I of the first year.

Aim:

The aim of this course is to introduce the students to physical knowledge that relevant to pharmacy.

Objectives:

By the end of this course, the students will be able to:

• Acquaint with various branches of physics science related to pharmacy.
• Know the importance of physics to pharmacy.

Contact time per semester:

Lectures      2×15 = 30 hrs.

Tutorials     3×03 =09 hrs.

Total                     = 39 hrs.

Course content:

• The course provides the students with the essential knowledge in physics in relation to pharmacy. The course covers:

• • Electricity Electrical charges and electric field.
  • Capacitance.
  • Dielectrics and Electrics Energy storage.
  • Electric current.
  • DC Circuit and instruments Management.
  • Courses of Magnetic Field.
  • Electromagnetics.
  • AC Great.
  • X-Rays and Laser.
  • Atomic and Nuclear Physics.
  • Optics.
  • Thermal physics.

 

Recommended readings:

• Contemporary Colleges Physics; ER Jones and RL Childers.
• Advanced level physics; M Nelson and P Parker

 

Course Title: Cell Biology

Course Code: BS126

Credit Hours: 2(1+1)

Course Duration: One semester

Intended semester: semester 2 of the first year.

Aim:

To equip students with sufficient basic concepts in cell biology as well as principle of genetics and tissue structure.

Objectives:

At the end of this course; students will be able to:

• Recognize animal cells, their composition and function.
• Know the basic principles of genetics, gene expression, mutation and inherited diseases.
• Describe different types of tissues and their relevance to drug action.

Contact time per semester:

Lectures            2×15 = 30 hrs.

Practical           3×12 = 36 hrs.

Tutorials             3×3 =   09 hrs.

Total                          = 75 hrs.

Course content:

The cell as a functional unit:

• Cell membrane: structure and transport.
• Intercellular connection.
• Nucleus in inter-phase and in function.
• Cellular receptors and signal transduction.
• Endoplasmic reticulum.
• Golgi complex.
• Exocytosis–endocytosis and intracellular digestion.
• Cell cycle and mitosis.
• Meiosis and gametogenesis fertilization.
• Human biology basic ecology.

Biology Practical:

This will include introduction to:

• Light microscope.
• Micro techniques.

 

 

Course Name: Analytical Chemistry

Allocated hours: 3 credit hrs (2+1)

Code: BS217

Intended semester: Semester 3

Course Description:

The aim of this course is to provide the students with the basic knowledge of analysis, characterizing the composition of matter, both quantitatively and qualitatively, using the classical methods (volumetric and gravimetric analysis). This course will cover all the theoretical aspects that are used in titrimetry and methods for treating the data and calculating the results will be discussed.

Course Contacts:

Lectures                        30hrs

Practical and tutorials 45hrs

Total                              75 contact hrs

Course Objectives:

By the end of this course the student will be able to:

• Demonstrate different types of volumetric glass wares.
• Identify drugs in raw materials and dosage form.
• Quantify the materials under analysis by calculating the percentage content from the volume of standard solution of a known concentration.
• Determine the amount of materials under analysis by measuring the weight of the precipitate using the gravimetric method of analysis.
• Understand the basics of electrochemical methods and their applications.

Course Pre-requisites:

• Applied Mathematics and Physics.
• Physical Chemistry.

Course contents:

Lectures:

Introduction to Analytical Chemistry (2 hrs):

• Some analytical terms, concentration expressions, volumetric analysis, types of standard solutions, preparation and standardization of standard solutions, types and methods of titration.

Aqueous and Non-aqueous Acid-base titrations (6 hrs):

• Definition of acids and bases, concept of aqueous and non-aqueous titrations, preparation and standardization of standard solutions, types of solvents, determination of certain materials using different methods of acid-base titration.

Precipitation titrations (4 hrs):

• Concept of precipitation titration, classification of precipitation reactions, solubility, solubility product constant, factors affecting solubility, argent metric titration.

Oxidation-Reduction titrations (6 hrs):

• Principle of oxidation-reduction reactions, standard reduction potential, indicators, oxidizing and reducing agents, titrations involved potassium permanganate and iodine.

Complex metric titrations (4 hrs):

• Concept of complex formation, classifications of metals and complexing agents, bonds involved, EDTA; preparation, standardization, factors affecting reaction, procedures to enhance selectivity; methods of compleximetry, miscellaneous methods, water hardness, aquametry.

Gravimetric analysis (2 hrs):

• Basic idea, criteria for successful determinations, types of co-precipitated impurities, minimization of impurities, controlling particle size, solute relative supersaturation RSS, procedures to obtain suitable RSS, homogeneous precipitation, filtering, washing. and drying.

Electrochemical methods (6 hrs):

• Electrochemical signals, classification of electrochemical methods, electrochemical cell, types of electrodes, quantitative analysis using electrochemical methods, Nernst equation, potentiometry, pH-meter, potentiometric titrations, voltammetry, polarography, types of current, quantitative and qualitative application, amperometric titrations, conductimetry, coulometry.

Practical and Tutorials (45 hrs):

• Preparation and Standardization of standard solution
• Preparation of 0.1M NaOH and 0.1M HCl standard solutions.
• Standardization of the above solutions using potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) respectively.
• Quantitative analysis using aqueous acid-base titration for raw materials and drug formulations:
• Determination of the total alkali content hydrochloric acid (direct titration).
• Determination of boric acid sodium hydroxide (direct titration).
• Determination of CaCO3 as dried material using hydrochloric acid (back titration).
• Determination of aspirin using sodium hydroxide (back with blank titration).
• Determination of aspirin in tablets using acid base titration…
• Determination of mefenamic acid in capsules by acid base titration.
• Quantitative analysis using non aqueous acid-base titration for raw materials and drug formulations:
• Preparation of 0.1M HClO4 standard solution.
• Standardization of the above solution using KHP.
• Determination of metronidazole using perchloric acid.
• Formal bibasal titration of cough mixture.
• Quantitative analysis using precipitation titration (Argentimetry) for raw materials and drug formulations:
• Determination of sodium chloride using silver nitrate (direct titration).
• Determination of sodium chloride infusion by precipitation titration
• Determination of ammonium chloride using silver nitrate and ammonium thiocyante (back titration).
• Quantitative analysis using oxidation- reduction titration for raw materials and drug formulations:
• Determination of hydrogen peroxide using potassium permanganate (direct titration).
• Determination of hydrogen peroxide mouth wash 6% by redox titration
• Determination of weak iodine solution by redox titration
• Determination of ascorbic acid using iodine solution (direct titration).
• Determination of phenol using iodine and ammonium thiosulphate (indirect titration).
• Determination of the available chlorine using iodine and ammonium thiosulphate (indirect titration).
• Quantitative analysis using compleximetric titration for raw materials and drug formulations:
• Determination of Ca2+ in calcium gluconate (direct titration).
• Determination of calcium in calcium gluconate injections by compleximetric titration.
• Determination of Al3+ in alum (back titration)
• Determination of Al³⁺ in antacid tablets.
• Quantitative analysis using ectectrochemical method (pH meter)
• Determination of mefanamic acid.

 

List of Readings:

• Practical pharmaceutical chemistry, Part II, Beckett and Stenlake, CBS publishers and distributors.
• Fundamentals of analytical chemistry, Douglas A. Skoog, Thomson Learning Academic resource centre.

 

 

 

Course Title: Biostatistics

Course Code: BS418

Credit Hours: 2(2+0)

Course Duration: 1 semester

Intended semester: semester VII of the fourth year

Pre-requisite Courses: Mathematics and Computer.

Aims and Objectives:

• To get knowledge about the word processing and data analysis.

• The course aims to introduce the student to the concept and applications of statistical methods as applicable to the biological sciences.
• It deals with the principles and concepts of biostatistics as well as method of analysis and evaluation of biological data.
• The course includes qualitative and quantitative data presentation, sampling variability and significance, special emphasis is laid on the use of these methods in the decision making process.
• Real life example from areas such as quality control biological testing and assay.
• Clinical studies and pharmaceutical drug development are extensively covered.

Contact time per semester:

Lectures    2×15 = 30 hrs.

Tutorial     2×12 = 24 hrs.

Total                  = 64 hrs.

Course contents:

• Data collection, sampling techniques, summarization of data, population & samples, probability statement, tests of hypothesis & significance, small sample test, simple linear correlation & regression, non-parametric tests, introduction to SPSS for windows, data transformation; selecting; weighting & ordering cases, data analysis with SPSS for windows, using the SPSS chart facility.

• Introduction: to know the operating system of the computer, the word processing and the database.

• Presentation of the data and determination of the variables.
• Calculations of the units of the normal distribution.
• To deal with the bases of the normal distribution.
• To perform hypothesis testing and variable comparison. To deal with the bases of probability, to deal with simple regression and correlation.
• To deal with questionnaire…etc.

Recommended references:

• Introduction to statistics; JS Milton, JJ Corbet and PM Mc Tear.
• Understandable statistics, CH Brase and CP Brase.

 

Course Title: Research Methodology

Course Code: BS429

Credit Hours: 2(2+0)

Course Duration: 1 semester

Intended semester: semester VIII of the fourth year

Pre-requisite Courses: Biostatistics, computer Science, Mathematics

Aims and Objectives:

• This course aims to make the student acquainted with the methods of

Research, how to start his research work and how to prepare his thesis.

• Know the general concepts of research methodology.
• Understand measures disease frequency and measures of effect.
• Pose research hypotheses and questions.
• Classify and apply pharmaceutical research methods to carry out research.
• Know how to analyze generated research data.

• Write a scientific report or paper for publication
• And understand and critically review published scientific papers.

Contact time per semester:

Lectures   2×15 = 30 hrs.

Course contents:

Introduction and literature review.

• Choosing the topic (the scope and statement of the topic title).
• Preparing the working bibliography (to know the library sources, reference indexing bibliography cards and evaluation of the collected data.
• The work outline format (reports, paper, thesis and proposals). Including the outline process, kinds of outlines, formats, and the collection of information.
• Formatting of the work (getting down writing the work).
• The components of the work (the title, authors name and addresses, acknowledgements, abstracts, introduction and literature review, materials and methods, results and discussion, references, appendix.
• Thesis format in ZUC.
• Forms of application, midterm reports, examination reports … etc.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Basic Medical Sciences (MS)

• Gross Anatomy
• Biochemistry
• Physiology
• Pathophysiology
• Genetics and Molecular Medicine

 

Course Name: Gross Anatomy

Course Code: MS 121

Allocated hours: 3 credit hrs (2+1)

Intended semester: Semester (1)

Course Description:

This course is designed to give a brief description of some basic structures that compose the body, the students will understand the functional organization of these structures and how they control the various activities of the body.

Course Contacts:

Lectures                                                                                              15 hrs

Skilled lab, tutorials, seminars, and small group discussion              45 hrs

Total                                                                                                     60 hours

Course Objectives:

This course uses systemic approach to study the human anatomy, and at the end of this course the students will:

• Be able to identify the structure of the human body and its relationship to its function.
• Be Familiar with the basic human histology.

Teaching methods and Implementation:

Lectures at Lecture theaters, small groups at skills lab.

Course Content:

Lectures

Gross anatomy (systems) (15 hrs):

• Introduction (1 hr):
• Basic concepts of anatomy, definitions and terminologies.
• Cardiovascular system (1 hr):

• Description of the structure, function, and location of the parts of the heart.
• Interpretation of the cardiac cycle and to diagram the pathway of blood through the heart and body divided into pulmonary and systemic circuits.
• Comparison and contrast arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins by structure, function and location.
• Description of the structure and function of the lymphatic system, lymph vessels and immune system.
• Observation of the lymphatic system roles for functioning cardiovascular system.
• Skeletal system, limbs and muscular system (2 hrs):
• Importance and functions of skeletal system.
• Divisions of skeletal system into axial and appendicular.
• Bones of the axial skeleton.
• Bones and joints of the upper limb.
• Bones and joints of the lower limb.
• Regions of the upper and lower limbs and muscle groups.
• Respiratory systems (1 hr):
• Airways: upper and lower respiratory tracts.
• Lungs: right and left lungs and their morphology.
• Respiratory muscles.
• Renal system (1 hr):
• Structure and function of renal system.
• Kidneys: location, shape, hilum (structures in the hilum).
• Cortex and medulla of the kidney.
• Urinary tract: ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.

Digestive system (2 hrs):

• Location of all major digestive organs.
• Description of all chemical and mechanical digestion mechanisms occurring in each of the major digestive organs as food passes through.
• Gastrointestinal tract GIT
• Associated GI glands: salivary glands, liver and pancreas
• Endocrine system (1 hr):
• Differentiation between endocrine and exocrine glands.
• Location of endocrine glands.
• Description of chemical functions of each gland.
• Understand the hormones produced by each endocrine gland and the response generated by each hormone.
• Integumentary system (1 hr):
• List and explain the structure and function of the components of the integumentary system.
• Divisions of skin into epidermis and dermis with simple histological facts.
• Types of skin
• Skin appendages
• Reproductive system (1 hr):
• Identification of the structure, location and function of the major components of the male and female reproductive system.
• Differentiation and explanation of the terms: zygote, embryo and fetus.
• Revision of meiosis, the formation of gametes.
• Description of progression in development of fertilized egg.
• Distinguish between ovulation, fertilization and menstruation.
• Analysis of the male and female hormones effect during and after puberty.
• Nervous system (2 hrs):
• Divisions of nervous system into central and peripheral
• Central nervous system:
• Brain: different parts, cortical areas, blood supply, protective mechanism
• Spinal cord: morphology, segments, protection, blood supply, tracts
• Ascending tracts and descending tracts, spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system: peripheral nerves, ganglia
• Special senses (1 hr):
• Explanation of the structure and function of major senses organs.
• Distinguish between chemical, electrical and mechanical nature of sense receptors.
• Comparison of wave principles behind light and sound.
• Comparison of neurons associated with sense organs.
• Immune system (1 hr):
• Lymph nodes: different groups.

• Spleen: location, functions, morphology.
• Tonsils: location, function, relation with normal flora.
• Thymus: location.

• Practical
• Hours of the practical will be used for teaching of histology and practical gross anatomy.
• Histology can be taught in lectures and seminars prepared by students.

Histology practical:

• Practical 1: 
• Introduction to histology: definition.
• Microscopes: light and electron.
• Cell as a unit for histology: organelles and inclusions.
• Histological techniques for slide preparations.
• Practical 2:
• Epithelium:
• Characteristics and functions.
• Different types: simple/stratified.
• Glandular epithelium.
• Practical 3:
• Connective tissue:
• Components of connective tissue.
• Cells, fibers and ground substance.
• Classes of connective tissue.
• Practical 4:
• Connective tissue proper: loose, dense regular and dense irregular
• Connective tissue with special properties: elastic, reticular, mucous and adipose tissue.

Gross anatomy practical in the dissecting room (DR)

• Practical 5:
• Gross Skeletal.
• Cardiovascular.
• Respiratory.
• Practical 6:
• Bone and cartilage.

• Practical 7:
• Muscular tissue: skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles with morphological differences between them.
• Practical 8  :
• Histology of the nervous system:
• Types of cells in nervous system.
• Neurons.
• Glial cells.
• Gray and white matter.
• Peripheral nerves.
• Histology of cerebrum and spinal cord.
• Practical 9:
• Practical in the DR for:
• Renal, Gastrointestinal and Endocrine systems.

• Practical 10:
• Histology of the cardiovascular and respiratory system
• Practical 11: 
• Histology of the gastrointestinal system.

 

• Practical 12:
• Histology of the endocrine glands
• Practical 13:
• Practical for reproductive and nervous system.
• The practical should be elaborate on nervous
• Practical 14 and 15:
• Revision for the different systems and preparation for the exam

List of Readings:

• Atlas of Human Anatomy, Frank H. Netter (ed.), Saunders, Philadelphia. Color Textbook of Histology, Leslie P. Gartner (ed.), Saunders, Philadelphia.
• Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, Valerie C. Scanlon and Tina Sanders (eds.), F.A Davis Company, Philadelphia.
• Human Anatomy and Physiology, Kent M. van De Graaff and R. Ward Rhees (eds.), Mc Graw-hill.
• Clinical Anatomy, Richard S. Snell (ed.), Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Course Name: Biochemistry I

Course Code: MS 211

Allocated hours: 3 credit hrs (2+1)

Intended semester: Semester 3

Course Description:

This course focuses on basic biochemistry, which is concerned with understanding life at molecular and cellular levels including how structures provide functions. It covers: structure and function of biomolecules (carbohydrate, lipids and nucleic acids), enzymes and vitamins.

Curse Contacts:

Lectures                                           45 hrs

Practical & Tutorials                       45 hrs

Total                                                  90 hrs

Course Objectives:

Upon successful completion of this course, students are expected to be able to:

• Identify carbohydrates of physiologic significance.
• Identify lipids of physiologic significance.
• Identify the standard amino acids and their different classifications.
• Describe the bonds and forces relevant to the orders of protein structures.
• Appreciate the concept of function being dictated by structure.
• Acquire sound knowledge regarding enzymes as catalysts, their classes, kinetics and regulation.
• Understand the role of vitamins as micronutrients including their diverse metabolic functions.
• Understand the role of respiratory chain in providing most of the energy captured in metabolism.
• Describe the main metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, their interrelationship and regulatory mechanisms.
• Appreciate the relevance of these biomolecules, processes and pathways in health and disease.

 

Course Pre-requisites:

Course BS: Cell biology

Course BS: General Basic Chemistry

Course BS: Organic Chemistry I

Course BS: Physical Chemistry

Course MS: Gross Anatomy

Course Content:

Lectures        

• Introduction to Biochemistry (1 hr):
• Overview and relevance to pharmacy.
• Carbohydrates structure (4 hrs):
• Structure, Stereochemistry & its relationship to function, Classification, Physiologically important monosaccharides, disaccharides, & polysaccharides, biomedical importance.
• Lipid chemistry (4 hrs):
• Classification, Fatty acids, Triacylglycerols, Membrane lipids, Lipoproteins, Biomedical importance.
• Amino acids & protein structure (8 hrs):
• Classification of standard amino acids, Levels of protein structure, Stabilizing forces, Relationship of structure & function, Hemoglobin & Myoglobin, Abnormal protein structure & disease, biomedical importance.
• Enzymes (10 hrs):
• Overview, Properties, Nomenclatures, Classification, Cofactors, Coenzymes & Prosthetic groups (2hrs).
• Mechanism of Catalysis (2 hrs).
• Kinetics (3 hrs).
• Regulation of enzyme activity (2 hrs).
• Clinical application of enzymology: Isozymes in diagnosis & therapy, Enzymes as drug targets (1 hr).
• Vitamins (4 hrs):
• Water-soluble vitamins & Lipid-soluble vitamins: Structure, Dietary requirements, Sources, Functions, Active forms, Deficiency & Toxicity.
• Biologic oxidation (4 hrs):
• Electron transport chain, Oxidative phosphorylation, Inhibitors & uncouplers.
• Carbohydrate metabolism (10 hrs):
• Introduction to intermediary metabolism, Citric acid cycle, Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen metabolism, Pentose phosphate pathway, Galactose metabolism, Fructose metabolism, Shuttles.
• Practical and Tutorials (45 hrs):
• Laboratory part (Basic Biochemisrty):
• Analysis of Carbohydrates.
• Analysis of lipids.
• Analysis of amino acids and proteins.
• Analysis of enzymes.
• Detection of proteins using different biochemical techniques: Chromatography, ELISA, Western blot, Electrophoresis.
• Quantification of protein using UV-Spectroscopy.

 

• Seminars part:
• Biological functions of eicosanoids, steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
• Proteins isolation and purification.
• Use of membrane structures (liposomes) in drug delivery.
• Enzymes inhibitors and stimulators in drug use.
• Biochemistry of vision.
• List of Readings:

• Harper’s Biochemistry.
• Lippincott’s Illustrated Review of Biochemistry.
• Leninger’s Principles of Biochemistry.

 

Course Name: Biochemistry II

Course Code: MS 221

Allocated hours: 3 credit hrs (2+1)

Intended semester: Semester 4

Course Description:

This course focuses mainly on metabolic biochemistry outlining the different pathways of intermediary metabolism, in addition to, an introductory course to genetics. The following topics are covered: metabolism of lipids, amino acids, heme, purines & pyrimidines, and Hormones.

Curse Contacts:

Lectures                                             45 hrs

Practical and Tutorials                     45 hrs

Total                                                   90 hrs

Course Objectives:

Upon successful completion of this course, students are expected to be able to:

• Understand the main degradative and biosynthetic processes pertinent to lipids of physiologic significance.
• Understand how the body deals with both the amino nitrogen and carbon skeletons of amino acids, synthesizes non-essential amino acids as well as amino acid-derived (specialized) products.
• Appreciate the wide scope of metabolic capabilities of the body in dealing with foreign substance (xenobiotics) and the essential role of Cytochrome P450.
• Understand the main processes involved in heme synthesis and degradation.
• Identify the structure and function of major purines and pyrimidines and their derivatives (nucleosides and nucleotides).
• Describe biosynthesis and catabolism of purines and pyrimidines.
• Extrapolate how abnormalities of these pathways can result in numerous disease states.
• Appreciate the central dogma of molecular biology and the role of informational molecules.
• Understand the chemical basis of heredity and genetic disease.
• Understand how hormones act at cellular and subcellualr levels, and how signals are conveyed.

Course Pre-requisites:

• Course: Biochemistry I
• Course: Physiology I

Course Content:

Lectures:

• Lipid metabolism (8 hrs):
• Fatty acids oxidation, Ketogenesis, Fatty acids biosynthesis, Cholesterol & Bile acids metabolism, Glycolipids synthesis, Phospholipids & sphingolipids biosynthesis, Biomedical importance.
• Amino acids metabolism (8 hr):
• Catabolism of amino acids nitrogen, Catabolism of carbon skeletons, Biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids, Conversion to specialized products.
• Heme metabolism (2 hrs):
• Heme biosynthesis, Heme degradation, Jaundice.
• Xenobiotics metabolism and Role of CYP450 (1 hr):
• Phase I reaction, Phase II reaction, Cytochrome P450.
• Nucleic acids structure (4 hrs):
• Definition, Nitrogenous bases, Nucleosides, Nucleotides, Functions of nucleotides, Watson & Crick Model, RNA structure & types.
• Nucleic acids metabolism (4 hrs):
• Purines & pyrimidines biosynthesis, Salvage pathways, Degradation of purines & pyrimidines, biomedical importance.
• Genetics (12 hrs):
• Introduction & DNA organization (1 hr).
• Overview of DNA Replication, DNA Replication in prokaryotes, DNA Replication in eukaryotes, DNA Damage & Repair (2 hrs).
• Overview of Transcription, Transcription in Prokaryotes, Transcription in Eukaryotes, Post-transcriptional processing, Antibiotics that inhibit Transcription (2 hrs).
• Overview of Translation, Genetic Code, Translation in Eukaryotes, Post-translational modification, Antibiotics that inhibit Translation (2 hrs).
• Regulation of Gene Expression (2 hrs).
• Genetic basis of disease, Mutations, Oncogenes, Oncoviruses, Tumor suppressor genes (1 hrs).
• Introduction to Recombinant DNA Technology (2 hr).
• Hormones (6 hrs):
• Classes, Mechanism of signaling, Structures, Receptors, Functions, Signal transduction in health & disease.
• Practical and Tutorials (45 hrs):
• Laboratory part:
• Clinical Biochemistry:
• The composition of urine and blood and their normal limits.
• Glucose tolerance test.
• Serum urea and creatinine.
• Serum calcium and phosphate.
• Genetics:
• Genomic DNA extraction & plasmid DAN extraction.
• Detection (qualitative) of nucleic acids using Gel electrophoresis and Southern blot.
• Quantification of nucleic acids using UV-spectroscopy.
• Seminars part:
• The amphibolic role of citric acid cycle.
• Poisoning effect of electron transport chain inhibitors.
• Effect of insulin in carbohydrates, lipids and proteins metabolism.
• Gene therapy.
• List of Readings:

• Harper’s Biochemistry.
• Lippincott’s Illustrated Review of Biochemistry.
• Leninger’s Principles of Biochemistry.

Course Name: Physiology I

Course Code: MS 212

Allocated hours: 3 credit hrs (2+1)

Intended semester: Semester 3

Course description:

This Physiology course is intended for Pharmacy Students. It is extended over semesters 3 and 4 as to provide a basic background for the principle physiology of different systems of the human body, including: Cell physiology, the body fluid and blood, autonomic nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, endocrine and reproductive physiology, renal and central nervous systems. It is designed to give the students a basic knowledge to understand the clinical aspects and patho-physiology.

Course contacts:

Lectures                                    30 hrs

Practical and seminars            30 hrs

Total                                          60 contact hrs

Course Objectives:

By the end of this course, the students should be able to:

·         State the role of the different body systems in regulating the internal environment of the body (homeostasis).

• Integrate information about various body systems and describe how one system affects the other systems.
• Give a description of some abnormalities, students should be able to predict how they affect homeostasis and how the body compensates for these abnormalities.
• Be able to understand the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of different drugs.

Course Pre-requisites:

• Course MS: Gross Anatomy.
• Course MS : Biochemistry I.

Course content:

Lectures:

• Cell physiology :
• The Structure-Function Relationship, Cell membrane structure, Transport mechanisms across the plasma membrane (Pumps, Symporters, Antiporter Channels, Osmosis,Endocytosis and Exocytosis)
• Body fluids :
• General concepts of some terms (Volume, Concentration,Osmosis,Isotonic solutions,Hypotonic solutions andHypertonic solutions), The significance of water in the body, Units of concentration of body fluids, Body water contents and distribution, Lean body mass (LMS; fat-free mass), Extracellular fluid (ECF), Plasma volume, Interstitial fluid (ISF), Transcellular fluid, Intracellular fluid (ICF), Body fluids measurement (Indicator dilution principle, Characteristics of the indicator markers used for measurement), Dehydration (Causes, diagnosis and treatment).
• Hematology :
• Introduction, Blood constituents, General functions of blood, Bone marrow, Plasma proteins, Erythrocyts (shape and functions), Packed cell volume (The Cl shift), Osmotic fragility, Erythropoiesis (Nutritional Requirements of Erythropoiesis), Polycythemia, Hemoglobin (Structure,Concentration and Types), The life span and fate of the RBCs, Hematological indices (MCV, MCH and MCHC), Homeostasis and blood coagulation, In vivo and In vitro anticoagulants, Clotting time and bleeding time, Factors affecting the blood clotting, Leucocytes (WBCS), Classes of leucocytes (Granulocytes and Agranulocytes), Structures and functions of different types of leucocytes, Physiology of immunity, Humoral immunity (Types of Antibodies, structures and functions), Cellular immunity (T lymphocytes).
• Excitable tissues :
• Resting membrane potential, Action potential, stages of action potential, Depolarization and Repolarization, Types of the stimuli, The refractory period, Propagation of action potential in myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres, The action potential in the cardiac muscle, Hyperpolarisation, Neuromuscular junction (Moter-end plate), Action potential at the moter-end plate, Some examples of pharmacological agents affecting neuromuscular transmission, Excitation contraction coupling in skeletal muscle, Comparison between the physiology of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles.
• Autonomic Nervous System :

• Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of ANS, Chemical transmitters and types of receptors in the ANS, Cholinergic receptors (Myasthenia gravis), Adrenergic Receptors, Effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions on different organs, Adrenal medulla, Synthesis of adrenaline and noradrenaline, Fight or flight reactions (Mass discharge).
• Central Nervous System (CNS) :
• General introduction, Role of the nervous system, Organization of the nervous system, Cells of the nervous system, Special neuronal, functions, Neurotransmitters, Function of the spinal cord, Reflex arc, The brain, The main functions of the brain, Cerebellum, Diencephalon, Brain stem, Blood brain barrier, Pain physiology and Pain inhibitors (killers).
• The Cardiovascular System:
• Components of the cardiovascular system (Heart, Arteries, veins and Microcirculation), Direction of blood flow, The heart as a pump, The cardiac cycle, The venous return, stroke volume and cardiac output, Atrial contraction, Ventricular contraction, Ventricular end-diastolic volume (VEDV), Ventricular end-systolic volume (VESV), Frank-Starling mechanism, Stages of ventricular contraction (Systole) and relaxation (diastole), Ventricular pressure-volume loops (Systolic and diastolic pressure curves), Autonomic effects on the heart and blood vessels, Blood pressure, Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure, Neural regulation, Humoral regulation (Antidiuretic hormone, Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP), Cardiac electrophysiology (Electrocardiogram-ECG) and Cardiovascular response to shock (Types of shock, Physical signs of shock).
• Respiratory System :
• Lung volumes and capacities, Dead space (Anatomical dead space and Physiologic dead space), Ventilation rate (Minute ventilation and Alveolar ventilation), Mechanics of breathing, Compliance in the respiratory system (Compliance of the lung, Compliance of the combined lung-chest wall system and Changes in the lung compliance), Surface tension of the alveoli and surfactant, Breathing cycle, Gas exchange, Anatomic and physiologic shunt, Oxygen transport, Hb-O₂ dissociation curve, CO₂ Transport, Hypoxia, O₂ toxicity, Chemoreceptors for CO₂, H⁺, and O_2, Central chemoreceptors, Peripheral chemoreceptors (Carotid & aortic bodies), Lung stretch receptors (Hering-Breuer reflex), Irritant receptors, J (Juxtacapillary) receptors, Joint and muscle receptors and Control of breathing.

Practical:

Topics for consideration are:

• Units and concentrations (body fluids).
• Blood collection and blood film.
• Differential leucocytes count.
• Hb estimation.
• Total leucocytes count.
• Total erythrocytes count.
• Blood groups.
• Blood pressure.
• ECG and its interpretation.

Tutorials and seminars

Topics to be covered are:

• PCV and hematological indices.
• Cellular and humoral immunity.
• Cardiac cycle (Seminar and Video film).

List of Readings:

• Textbook of Medical Physiology, Guyton AC and Hall JE (eds.), WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
• Ganong’s review of medical physiology, Barrett, Kim E., and William F. Ganong (eds.), New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.

• Vander’s human physiology: The mechanisms of body function, Widmaier EP, Raff H, Strang KT and Vander AJ (eds.), Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

 

 

Course Name: Physiology II

Course Code: MS222

Allocated hours: 3 credit hrs (2+1)

Intended semester: Semester 4

Course description:

The course is a continuation of Physiology I to accomplish what remains of Physiology course objectives that were stated in the details of Physiology I course.

Course contacts:

Lectures                                 30 hrs

Practical and seminars         30 hrs

Total                                        60 contact hrs

Course Objectives:

• As previously stated with Physiology I course

Course Pre-requisites:

• Course: Cell biology
• Course: Gross Anatomy
• Course: Biochemistry I
• Course: Physiology I

Course Content:

Lectures:

• Digestive system :
• Overview of the general function of GIT, Physiology of taste, Neuronal control of the GIT, Function of chewing, Salivary glands (Composition, Formation, Control and Functions of saliva), Swallowing (Phases of swallowing, Types of esophageal peristalsis, Disorders of swallowing, The stomach, Types of the gastric motility (Function and Regulation), Vomiting (Initiation, control and Mechanical sequences), Gastric secretion (Secretory cells, Functions and Phases of gastric secretion), Secretion of HCI (Function, Mechanism and Regulation), Secretion of gastrin (Function, Mechanism and Regulation), Secretion of pepsinogen (Function, Mechanism and Regulation), Intrinsic factor, Gastric mucosal barrier (Prostaglandins), Gastric digestion and absorption (Protein digestion and Absorption across the gastric mucosa), Small intestine, The accessory organs (pancreas, liver, and gall bladder), Type and control of Motility of the small intestine, Composition and control of Pancreatic secretions, Control of CCK and secretion release, Biliary secretions, Function, formation, storage and composition of bile, Entero-hepatic circulation, Bile salt synthesis and replacement, Clinical implications of Entero-hepatic circulation, Control of biliary secretion, function and control of Gallbladder, Intestinal secretions, Digestion and absorption of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats, Large Intestine (Motility, Absorption, secretion, gas production and Defecation)
• Endocrinology :
• Hypothalamic-hypophysial axis, Pituitary gland (The Hypophysis), Hormones of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (Oxytocin-Synthesis, storage, Milk ejection reflex, physiologic effects of Antidiuretic Hormone-ADH), Chemical Synthesis, Physiologic effect, secretion control and Endocrinopathies of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (FSH, LH , Growth hormone (GH), Prolactin), Thyroid gland (Significance of iodide, Hormone transport, Thyroxine-binding proteins, Biosynthesis and release of the thyroid hormone, Metabolism and excretion of the thyroid hormone, Control of the thyroid function, Physiologic effects of thyroid hormone, Goiter), Adrenal gland (The histological appearance of the adrenal gland), Adrenocortical hormones (Secretion, Transport, Biosynthesis of adrenal steroids, Regulation of ACTH secretion, Anti-inflammatory effects, Anti-immunity effects, Anti-allergenic effects, Renal effects, Gastric effects, Antigrowth effects, Stress adaptation, Metabolic effects of glucocorticoids, Hyperfunctional lesions: Cushing’s syndrome and Hypofunctional condition: Addison’s disease), The Calcitropic hormones (Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and Vitamin D, Role of Ca²⁺ in physiologic processes, Ca²⁺ distribution, Bone development, Ca²⁺ regulation, Hormonal control of Ca²⁺metabolism, Effect of calcitropic hormones on Ca & P), The endocrine portion of Pancreas (Endocrine pancreas and metabolism, Control of secretions of Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin and Pancreatic polypeptide, Biosynthetic organization of the beta cell, Control of insulin secretion (Effect of carbohydrates, Gastrointestinal (GI) hormones, Amino acids, Fatty acids and ketone bodies, Islet hormones, Other hormones, Ions and Cyclic nucleotides), Biochemical actions of insulin, Carbohydrate metabolism, Characteristics of the facilitated-diffusion glucose transporters, Biochemical effects of insulin on target tissues, Comparison between Type1 and Type2 diabetes mellitus)

 

• Renal system :
• General function of the kidney, Overview of renal tubular functions, Renal capillary membrane transport, Overview of renal transepithelial transport, Basolateral membrane transport systems, Filtration and blood flow, Forces involved in filtration, Regulation of renal blood flow and GFR, Autoregulation, Neural regulation, Hormonal regulation, Measurement of GFR, Measurement of RBF, Calculation of filtration fraction, Tubular reabsorption, Tubular secretion, Hormones that regulate NaCl and water reabsorption, The countercurrent system
• Acid-base regulation :
• General introduction, Acids and bases (definitions and meanings), Regulation of hydrogen ion balance, Strong and weak acids and bases, Normal H ion concentration and pH of body fluids, Defenses against changes in H ion concentration (Buffers, The Respiratory, The Kidneys), Buffering of hydrogen ions in the body fluids (The bicarbonate buffer system, The Phosphate Buffer System, Proteins (important intracellular buffers, Respiratory adjustment of Pco₂), Excretion of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions by the kidney, Acid-base disturbances and abnormalities of acid-base status (Respiratory acidosis, Respiratory alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis and Metabolic alkalosis)
• Thermoregulation :
• General introduction, Body temperature and core temperatures, Body temperature measurement, Normal range of core body temperature, Hypothermia and hyperthermia, Poikilothermic, homeothermic and hibernating mammals, Temperature gradient and thermal steady state, Mechanisms of heat gain and heat loss, Physiological response to cold, Physical regulation of temperature (Behavioral responses, increased skin insulation, circulatory adjustment, shivering), Chemical regulation of temperature (Increase of heat production, non-shivering thermogenesis), Physiological response to heat (Behavioral responses, evaporative cooling, sweat), Interaction between hypothalamic thermo-center and peripheral thermo-receptor, Factors affecting body temperature, Fever and hyperthermia
• Reproductive system :
• Male reproductive system (Spermatogenesis, Blood testis barrier, Spermiation, Spermatogenic cycle, Duration of spermatogenesis, Hormonal control of spermatogenesis, Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, Puberty, Penile erection and ejaculation, Accessory glands and seminal plasma.
• Female reproductive system (Hypothalamus-pitutary-ovarian axis, Puberty, Folliculogenesis and oognesis, Ovarian (menstrual) cycle, Ovulation (Corpus luteum), Utero-ovarian relationships, Gamete transport and fertilization, Capacitation and acrosome, Reaction and fertilization, Pregnancy, Parturition puerperal period.

Practical:

Topics for consideration are:

• Spirometry (respiratory volume)
• Muscle contraction and relaxation
• Enzymatic digestion (Salivary α-amylase)
• Intestinal motility (Effect of acetylcholine)
• Hormonal control of pregnancy and parturition
• Thermoregulation and body temperature measurement
• GFR measurement

Tutorials and seminars

Topics to be covered are:

• Swallowing (Video film, animation and seminar).
• Peptic ulcer and vomiting.
• Thermoregulation and body temperature measurement.
• GFR measurement.
• The role of renal and respiratory system in pH regulation.

 

List of Readings:

• Textbook of Medical Physiology, Guyton AC and Hall JE (eds.), WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
• Ganong’s review of medical physiology, Barrett, Kim E., and William F. Ganong (eds.), New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
• Vander’s human physiology: The mechanisms of body function, Widmaier EP, Raff H, Strang KT and Vander AJ (eds.), Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

 

 

 

Course Name: Pathophysiology-I

Course Code: MS 314

Allocated hours: 3 credit hrs. (2+1)

Intended semester: Semester 5

Course Description:

This course is designed to provide pharmacy students with a comprehensive theoretical foundation of the phenomena that produce alteration in human physiology function throughout life. Course content will prepare pharmacy students for subsequent courses related to diagnosis and management of disease processes associated with pathophysiologic dysfunction/alterations.

Course Contacts:       

Lectures                     30 hrs

Course objectives:

By the end of this course, the student should be familiar with:

• Common pathological terms.
• Body tissue reactions to various stimuli.
• Disease processes on a systematic level.
• Predisposing factors, signs and symptoms, and prognosis of common diseases.
• Pathophysiology of the common diseases.

Course Pre-requisites: 

• Course BS: Cell Biology
• Course MS: Gross Anatomy
• Courses MS and MS: Biochemistry I and II
• Courses MS and MS: Physiology I and II

Course content:

Lectures:

• Inflammation, cellular injury and tissue repair (2 hrs):
• Free radical injury, Hypoxic cell injury, Cell death (apoptosis and necrosis), Types of and steps in tissue repair, Cardinal signs of inflammation, Vascular and cellular response phases of inflammation, Types of hypersensitivity reactions and Anaphylaxis.
• Hypertension, Heart failure and shock (2 hrs):
• Primary hypertension, Secondary hypertension, Malignant hypertension, Manifestations of heart failure, Left heart failure, Right heart failure, Systolic failure vs. diastolic failure, Physiologic compensation for heart failure, Circulatory shock, Homeostatic responses to shock, Stages and complications of shock.
• Ischemic heart disease (IHD) and myocardial infarction (MI) (2 hrs):
• Manifestations of myocardial ischemia: Classic angina, unstable angina, variant angina and silent ischemia, Coronary blood flow and myocardial infarction, Types of myocardial infarction in terms of their myocardial involvement, location and severity, Sequence of events accompanying myocardial infarction, Clinical and physiologic manifestations of myocardial infarction, Complications of myocardial infarction, Compensatory mechanisms for myocardial infarction.
• Arrhythmias (2 hrs):
• Cardiac conduction system, Cardiac action potentials: cardiac pacemaker cells vs non-pacemaker cells. Electrocardiography, Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmia (Ectopic pacemakers and Reentry impulses), Types of arrhythmia (Sinus node arrhythmia, Atrial arrhythmia, Ventricular arrhythmia, Heart block) and Diagnosis of arrhythmia.
• Diseases of the vascular system and coagulation (3 hrs):
• Arterial disease (Atherosclerosis, Aneurysm), Disease of the veins (Varicose veins, Chronic venous insufficiency and Venous thrombus), Embolism (Pulmonary embolism and Stroke), Hemostasis (Hemophilia, von Wilbrand^,s disease, Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura).
• Neurodegenerative disorders (2 hrs):
• Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and Multiple sclerosis (MS).
• Epilepsy (1 hr):
• Idiopathic (primary) and symptomatic (secondary) seizures. Seizure Types (Partial seizures, Simple partial seizures, complex partial seizures and partial seizures secondarily generalized, Generalized seizures, Generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal), asence (petit mal),  tonic, atonic, clonic and myoclonic seizures and infantile spasm, Pathophysiology and complications).
• Schizophrenia (1 hr):
• Etiology and pathology, Clinical features, Classifications and Diagnosis.

Affective disorder: depression (1 hr):

• Classification and course, Etiology: biochemical and functional theories, Clinical features and diagnosis.
• Disorders of the respiratory system (2 hrs):
• Asthma, Obstructive Lung Disease (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease- COPD), Restrictive Lung Disease (Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis), Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

Endocrine disorders (4 hrs):

• Abnormalities of the hypothalamus/pituitary glands, Hypopituitarism, Disorders of the anterior pituitary gland (Growth hormone (GH) Hypo- and hypersecretion), Disorders of the posterior pituitary (Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH), Diabetes insipidus), Alteration of thyroid function (Hypothyroidism and Myxedema), Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s disease), Disorders of the adrenal glands (Hyposecretion of adrenal hormones, Congenital adrenal hypoplasia (CAH), Addison’s disease and Cushing’s disease), Disorders of the adrenal medulla (Pheochromocytoma), Disorders of the pancreas (Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Insulinoma, Glucagonoma and Somatostatinoma).
• Liver disorders (1 hr):
• Viral hepatitis (Acute and chronic hepatitis), Cirrhosis and Pancreatitis.
• Abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract (2 hrs):
• Glomerulonephritis (acute and chronic), Renal calculi (kidney stones), Polycystic kidney disease, Acute renal failure, Chronic renal failure, Neurogenic bladder and urine reflux.
• Inflammatory Rheumatic diseases (1 hr):
• Gout, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis.
• Cancer (2 hrs):
• Cancer terminology, Theories of oncogenesis (Abnormalities of tumor suppressor/inducer genes, Mutation of DNA, Hereditary), Manifestations of cancer, Tumor staging, Cancer detection (Tumor cell markers, Visualization and Biopsy).
• Gastrointestinal disorders (2 hrs):
• Gastro esophageal reflux disease, Peptic ulcers, Irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease, Ulcerative colitis, and Gallstone formation (cholelithiasis)).

List of Readings:

• Essentials of Pathophysiology for Pharmacy, Martin M. Zdanowicz. (Eds.), CRC Press. Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington, D.C.
• Pharmacotherapy: A Pathphysiologic Approach, Josef T. DiPiro, Robert L. Talbert, Gary C. Yee, Gary R. Matzke, Barbara G. Well, L. Michael Posey (eds.), McGraw-Hill Companies, USA.
• Pathophysiolgy of disease: An introduction to Clinical Medicine, Stephen J. McPhee, Gary D.Hammer (eds.), McGraw-Hill Companies, USA.
• Robbins pathopysiologic basis of disease, Cotran RS, Kumar V, Collins T (eds.), Philadelphia, WB Saunders.

 

 

Course Name: Genetics and Molecular Medicine

Course Code: MS 515

Allocated hours: 2 credit hrs. (2+0)

Intended semester: Semester 9

Learning objectives

By the end of the module, the candidates are expected to be able to:

 

1. Maintain a safe, orderly and clean work area of the laboratory at all times.
2. Demonstrate proper care and use of all laboratory equipment.
3. Describe the process of DNA replication.
4. List the DNA modifying enzymes and their specific function.
5. Explain what a plasmid is and how it is used in recombinant DNA production.
6. Discuss the structure of DNA and what is meant by 5’ and 3’.
7. Define transcription and translation.
8. Explain the principle of electrophoresis for protein and DNA separation and describe the different polymers used in the gels.
9. Describe the different methods of DNA extraction and dyes used to detect the nucleic acids and proteins in a gel.
10. Define restriction endonucleases and how the enzymes are used in restriction mapping.
11. Predict the band pattern of a known vector cut with certain restriction enzymes.
12. Describe the hybridization techniques of Southern, Northern, and Western Blot assays, and Dot/Slot assays.
13. Explain how a probe is used in the above blotting procedures to detect the target DNA, RNA or Protein.
14. Describe the steps in polymerase chain reaction and list the components required in a PCR reaction.
15. Describe the factors to consider when designing primers.
16. Compare at least three of the probe-types used in real-time PCR.
17. Compare and contrast the different amplification systems including, PCR, nucleic-acid sequence-based amplification, ligase chain reaction, branched DNA amplification, and hybrid capture assay.
18. Define single nucleotide polymorphism and list two diseases caused by this type of mutation.
19. Define Sequence specific PCR and describe how a single nucleotide polymorphism is detected using this method.
20. Determine which applications are appropriate for determining known mutations versus unknown mutations.
21. Explain and define SNPs, VNTRs, STRs, and RFLPs.
22. List examples of a single gene type disorder.
23. Explain how Factor V Leiden is diagnosed using PCR-RFLP.
24. Describe inheritance of a mutation as shown as a pedigree.
25. Identify and characterize molecular targets that are useful in diagnosing and monitoring solid tumors.
26. Perform LAMP assay
27. Learn Bioinformatics

Learning  methods:

• Small group work.
• Case study
• Field work

Learning  resources:

• A classroom for the participants.
• Two facilitators.
• Multi-media and laptop.
• Flip chart.

  Contents

This course will cover the principles of Genetics and Molecular biology, which is the process of identifying a disease by studying molecules, such as proteins, DNA, and RNA, in a tissue or fluid. Application of recombinant DNA in pharmaceutical purposes would be included in this course . Molecular diagnostics is a new discipline that captures genomic and proteomic expression patterns and uses the information to distinguish between two or more conditions at the molecular level. The conditions under investigation can be human genetic disease or infectious diseases. Molecular diagnostics is not confined to human diseases but can be used in animals or plants. It can be also used in environmental monitoring, food processing …etc.

 

 

Applied Pharmaceutical syllabus (PH)

• Pharmaceutics
• Pharmaceutical Chemistry
• Pharmacognosy
• Pharmaceutical Analysis
• Pharmacy Practice
• Pharmaceutical Microbiology
• Pharmacology
• Pharmaceutical Technology
  Pharmaceutics

Course Name: PHARMACEUTICS I

Course Code:  PH121

Allocated Hours: 2(2+0)

Intended semester: Semester 2

Course Duration: One semester

Course Contact:

Lectures                             28 hours

Practical                               0

Aim:

At the end of the course students should be able to:

• Demonstrate the development of pharmacy, pharmacy generation in Arab Science.
• Define the pharmaceutical dosage forms including liquids, solids and semisolid dosage forms.
• Describe the relationships between the pharmacists and the other health care professionals.
• Define prescribed dangerous substances and poisons (controlled drugs).
• Explain the role of pharmacists and scope of pharmaceutics.
• Know generally used expressions, storage, expiration, dose, prescription product labeling, Latin term and abbreviations.

Course content

Introduction to Pharmacy and Pharmacy Orientation:

This part of the course is to provide an introduction to pharmacy and its history .it will also introduce the student basic pharmaceutical dosage forms and dispensing techniques.

Introduction to the library; definition of pharmacy and pharmacy branches; opportunities in pharmacy; pharmacy and its relation to medicine; historical development in pharmacy; basic dispensing techniques; the prescription; different pharmaceutical dosage forms; Galenical preparation.

 

 

 

 

Course Name: PHARMACEUTICS II

Course Code:  PH211

Allocated Hours: 3(2+1)

Intended semester: Semester 3

Course Duration: One semester

 

Course Description:

The course covers micrometrics, types of pharmaceutical dosage forms, basic dispensing techniques, and pharmaceutical calculations: reducing and enlarging formulae, ratio strength, dilution and concentration of liquids and calculations of doses.

Course Contact:

Lectures                             28 hours

Practical and Seminar      42 hours

Total                                   70 hours

Objectives:

• At the end of the course students should be able to:

• Define and understand all types of pharmaceutical dosage forms.
• Understand percentage calculations, reducing and enlarging formulae, ratio strength, dilution and concentration of liquids and calculations of doses.
• Recognize the general rules for compounding incompatibles ingredients, therapeutic considerations in dosage form design, route of administration; oral, rectal, parenteral, and topical and respiratory routes.

• Understand Pharmaceutical systems and techniques of measurements

Course Content:

• Introduction to dosage forms (14 hours).
• Pharmaceutical calculation     (14 hours).

Practical:

• The practical introduces the student to the means of measuring and weighing.
• The lab provides the students with fundamental operations such as preparation of solutions, suspensions, emulsions, creams and powders.

References

• The theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, L. Lachman, Varghese Publ, Bombay.
• Modern Pharmaceutics by Banker, Vol 72, Marcel Dekker, NY.
• E. Aulton. Pharmaceutics the science of dosage form design. Second. edt. ChurchillLivingstone.

 

Course Name: PHARMACEUTICS III

Course Code: PH221

Allocated Hours: 3(2+1)

Intended semester: Semester 4

Course Description:

The course covers the following topics: Heat transfer; evaporation; distillation; mixing; filtration; centrifugation; crystallization; particle size; drying and moisture content.

Course Contact:

Lectures                             30 hours

Practical and Seminar      45 hours

Total                                   75 hours

Course contents

Unit processes (16 hours).

Objectives:

• At the end of the course students should be able to:

• Recognize Unit Operations, Concept and Requirement.
• Understand Theory of filtration, filter aids, filter media and Factors affecting filtration.
• Recognize characteristics of crystals like-purity and Solubility curves and Understand calculation of yields.
• Define evaporation and understand factors affecting it.
• Distinguish methods of sterilization and equipments
• Recognize Raoult’s law, phase diagrams and volatility

Practical:

• The aim is to enable the students to understand compounding and dispensing. Target topics are:
• Preparation of solution dosage forms including potassium permanganate. Crystal violet, Eusol, Iodine tincture, mouth wash and gargle, ear drops, Elixir and syrup.
• Formulation of semi-solid dosage forms (cream, ointment and gel).
• Formulation of solid dosage forms (suppositories).

References

• The theory & Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, L. Lachman, Varghese Publ, Bombay.
• Modern Pharmaceutics by Banker, Vol 72, Marcel Dekker, NY.
• M.E. Aulton. Pharmaceutics the science of dosage form design. Second. edt. ChurchillLivingstone.

 

Course Name: PHARMACEUTICS IV

Course Code: PH311

Intended semester: Semester (5)

Allocated Hour: 3(2+1)

Course Description:

• Physical pharmacy, concentration expressions, Ideal and real solutions (properties of solutions of electrolytes) Modern theories of acids, bases and salts, Calculation of pH and Acidity constants. The buffer equation, Buffer capacity, Buffers in pharmaceutical and biological systems and Methods of adjusting Tonicity and pH and Colligative properties.

Course Contact:

Lectures                         30 Hours

Practical                        45 Hours

Total                               75 Hours

Course contents:

Solutions (10 hours):

Solutions of non-electrolytes

• Concentration expressions, Ideal and real solutions and Colligative properties.

Solutions of electrolytes

• Properties of Solutions of electrolytes

Ionic equilibria

• Modern theories of acids, bases and salts, Calculation of pH and Acidity constants.

Buffered and isotonic solutions

• The buffer equation, Buffer capacity, Buffers in pharmaceutical and biological systems and Methods of adjusting Tonicity and pH.

Solubility and distribution phenomena

• Solvent – solute interactions, Solubility of gases in liquids, Solubility of liquids in liquids, Solubility of solids in liquids and Distribution of solutes between immiscible solvents.

Surfaceand interracial phenomena (6 hours):

• Liquid interfaces, Surface and interfacial tensions measurements, Cohesion, Adhesion, Spreading, and Surfactants & adsorption, Surfactants, HLB Values and the use for those surfactants and Wetting Agents.

Adsorption (2 hours):

• Adsorption at liquid interfaces, Adsorption at solid interfaces, Chemical and physical adsorption, Applications of surface active agents and Electric properties of interfaces.

Rheology (6 hours):

• Newtonian systems, Non-Newtonian systems, Determination of rheologic properties, Thixotropy, Viscoelasticity and Applications to pharmacy.

Colloidsand disperse systems (6 hours):

• Types of colloidal systems, Optical properties of colloids, Kinetic properties of colloids, Electric properties of colloids and Solubilization.

Practical: 

• Solubility, Phase equilibria and the phase rule, Distribution of solutes between immiscible solvents (partition coefficient), surface tension measurement, Adsorption at solid interfaces, determination of energy of activation, effect of temperature on drug degradation. Applications of surface active agents, Solubilization.

References

• Lachman L, Lieberman HA, Kanig JL. The theory and practice of industrial pharmacy, 3rd ed., Varghese Publishers, Mumbai 1991.
• Sinko PJ. Martin’s physical pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 5th ed., B.I. Publications Pvt. Ltd, Noida, 2006.
• Dispersed System Vol 1, 2, 3 by Lachman, Lieberman, Marcel Dekker, NY.
• Yalkowsky SH. Techniques of solubilization of drugs. Vol-12. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1981.

 

 

 

Course Name: PHARMACEUTICS V

Course Code: PH321

Intended semester: Semester (6)

Allocated Hours: 3(2+1)

Course Description:

Powder Technology: The course covers the methods of preparation and manufacturing of solid formulations such as powders as well as their characterization.

Course Contact:

Lectures                         30 Hours

Practical                        45 Hours

Total                               75 Hours

Objectives:

• At the end of the course students should be able to:
• Understand particle size reduction and distribution and explain factors affecting size reduction.
• Recognize special process and equipments; Freeze drying; spray drying, ball mill, roller mill, colloid mill.
• Define sifting describe method of it.
• Recognize characteristics of powders e.g Light and heavy powder .
• Describe methods of measurement of Powder flowability.
• Define Mixing and explain type of mixing and factors affecting mixing.

Course Content:

Particle size reduction (6 hours):

• Influence of material properties on size reduction, Influence of size reduction on size distribution. Particle size reduction methods and Selection of a Particle size reduction method.

Particle size analysis (4 hours):

• Particle size and the lifetime of a drug, Particle size analysis methods and Selection of a Particle size analysis method

Particle size distribution (4 hours)

Particle size separation (2 hours):

• Objectives of size separation, Particle size separation methods,  Selection of a Particle size separation process.

Powder mixing (4 hours):

• Mixing principles, Mechanisms of Mixing and demixing, mixing of powders,                 Mixing of miscible liquids and suspensions. Mixing of semisolids.

 Powder flow (4 hours):

• Particle properties , Process conditions, Characterization of Powder flow, Improvement of Powder flowability

Granulation (4 hours)

Practical:

• Evaporation, distillation, mixing, filtration, centrifugation crystallization; particle size reduction, drying and moisture content.
• Particle size analysis methods, Particle size reduction methods, Particle size separation methods, mixing of powders, Characterization of Powder flow and Improvement of Powder
• Flowability

References

• Powder technology hand book,3th  edt , Hiroaki Masuda, KoHigashitani and Yideto Yoshida, 2006,  by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
• Banker GS, Rhodes CT. Modern Pharmaceutics, 4th ed., Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 2005.

Course Name: PHARMACEUTICS VI

Course Code: PH411

Intended semester: Semester (7)

Allocated Hours:  3(2+1)

Course Description:

• The course covers different aspects related to pharmaceutical dosage forms and their preparations.

Course Contact:

Lectures                         28 Hours

Practical                        42 Hours

Total                               70  Hours

Objectives:

• At the end of the course students should be able to:
• Define tablet and explain properties of tablet granulation, tablet additives and components.
• Understand preparation of components for compressions and quality control of tablets.
• Define capsules and explain their advantages, and storage.
• Explain types of capsules and their quality control tests.
• Recognize micro-encapsulation, Types of microcapsules and importance of microencapsulation in pharmacy.
• Recognize reasons of coating and understand pharmaceutical coating processes.
• Define liquid dosage forms and explain manufacturing, packaging and evaluation of liquids.
• Define Semisolid dosage forms and describe mechanisms of drug penetration, factors influencing penetration.
• Understand manufacturing procedure of semi-solid dosage forms, their evaluation and packaging.

Course content:

• Introduction to solid dosage forms (2 hours).

Tablets (10 hours):

• Design and formulation of compressed tablets.
• Tablets components.
• Active ingredients, Fillers, Binders (dry and wet), Disintegrants.
• Antifrictional agents: Lubricants – Glidants – Antiadherents, Dissolution modifiers,  Absorbents , Flavoring agents, Coloring agents,  Wetting agents,  Antioxidants.
• Preservatives

Tablet manufacture and equipments:

• Granulators, Tablet press, Tablet machine instrumentation, direct compression Dry granulation, Wet granulation

Pharmaceutical coating:

• Sugar coating, Film coating, modified release coatings
• Coating equipment

Evaluation of tablet

• Official standards: Uniformity of dosage units. Disintegration testing, and Dissolution rate determination.
• Unofficial tests: Mechanical strength, Crushing strength, Abrasion, Porosity, Pore structure and size, Liquid penetration, Evaluation of bio adhesive tablets.

Capsules (6 hours):

The manufacture of hard gelatin capsules:

• Shell composition, Gelatin, Colorants, Shell manufacture, Sizes and shapes, Sealing and self-locking closures, Storage, packaging and stability considerations.

The filling of hard gelatin capsules:

• Instrumentation of capsule filling machines and their role in formulation development, Design of hard gelatin capsule formulations for powder.

The manufacture of Soft gelatin capsules:

• Composition of the shell.
• Formulation of soft gelatin capsules.
• Soft/liquid-filled hard gelatin capsules.

 Microencapsulation (2 hours)

 Suppositories (4 hours):

• Anatomy and physiology of the rectum and Absorption of drugs from it.

Formulation of suppositories:

• The vehicle (suppository base).
• Fatty vehicles, Water-soluble vehicles and Choice of vehicle.
• The drug characterization: Drug solubility in vehicle Surface properties.
• Particle size, Amount of drug and other additives.

Manufacture and Quality control:

• Drug release from suppositories.
• Rectal formulations other than suppositories.

 Vaginal drug delivery:

• Vaginal administration of drugs and formulation of vaginal dosage forms.

Sustained release medication (2 hours)

Practical:

Target topics are:

• Formulation of compressed tablet.
• Quality standards of tablets.
• Formulation of hard gelatin capsules, suppositories and their quality control tests.
• Suspension formulation and stability.
• Formulation of emulsion using HLB system.
• Formulation and Evaluation of cream and ointment.

References

• The theory & Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, L. Lachman, Varghese Publ, Bombay.
• Modern Pharmaceutics by Banker, Vol 72, Marcel Dekker, NY.
• Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Vol 1, 2, 3 by Lachman, Lieberman, Marcel Dekker, NY.

• Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Parentral medications, Vol 1, 2 by K.E. Avis, Marcel Dekker, NY.
• Dispersed System Vol 1, 2, 3 by Lachman, Lieberman, Marcel Dekker, NY.

 

 

Course Name: Pharmaceutics VII

Course Code: PH 421

Intended semester: Semester 8

Allocated Hours: 3(2+1)

Course Description:

The course discusses topics related to Biopharmaceutical Aspects of Drug Products including drug transport, distribution and bioavailability.

Course Contact:

Lectures                         30 Hours

Practical                        45 Hours

Total                               75 Hours

Course Content:

Biopharmaceutical Aspects:

• Transport Across Membranes: Passive diffusion, Active transport, Facilitated diffusion
• Pinocytosis, Pore (convective transport).
• The factors controlling the passive diffusion of drugs through membrane:
• The Influence of Gastric Emptying and Gastrointestinal Motility on Drug Absorption, Disintegration, Dissolution.
• Physicochemical nature of the drug: effective surface area, the geometric shape of the particle. The degree of aqueous solubility and crystal form

pH –Partition Theory:

• Partition Theory, Deviations from the pH partition theory.
• Absorption of drugs from the stomach, Absorption of drugs from the intestine.
• Limitations of pH –Partition Hypothesis, Absorption of drugs from the colon.
• Absorption drugs from the mouth, Absorption of drugs from the rectum.
• Drugs absorption following parenteral administration.

Bioavailability Studies:-

• Excipients that may affect the dissolution kinetics of the drug product.
• In vitro dissolution testing.

Definitions:-

• Bioavailability, Bioequivalent requirements and Bioequivalent drug products.
• Brand name, Chemical name, Equivalence, Nonproprietary name, pharmaceutical alternatives, Therapeutic equivalents, Bioequivalent, Relative availability, Absolute availability, acute pharmacologic effect and Clinical response.

 Methods of Assessing Bioavailability:-

• Purpose of study, plasma data, the plasma concentration (Cpmax) urinary data.
• Bases for determining Bioavailability, statistical techniques, Bioequivalence Studies, Chemical evidence on bioequivalence requirements, Pharmacokinetic evidence on bioequivalence requirements, Evaluation and design of a single dose bioequivalence study.

Distribution:

• Pharmacokinetic parameters affecting distribution of drugs, the special forms of distribution, Distribution of drugs into saliva, Drugs distribution into sweat glands, Transplacental distribution of drugs, Distribution of drugs into milk.

Drug elimination:

• Biotransformation (metabolism of drug to an inactive form), renal excretion of the unchanged drug, First-pass effects (Presystemic elimination).
• Excretion of drugs:- urinary excretion, Glomerular filtration (GF), Active Tubular Secretion, Passive tubular reabsorption.
• Biliary excretion of drugs and Enterohepatic circulation.

Practical:

Target topics are:

• Determination of partition coefficient and dissociation constant.
• Intestinal permeability using chicken intestine.
• Effect of permeation enhancer on drug permeability.
• In vitro dissolutionof compressed tablets.
• Verification of Noyes Whitney law of dissolution.

References

• Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Mile Gibaldi, Lea and Febriger, Philadelphia.
• Current concepts in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swarbrick, Lea and Febriger, Philadelphia.
• Theory & Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, L.Lachman, Varghese Publ, Bombay.
• Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Rowland and Tozer, Lea and Febriger, Philadelphia.
• Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Niazi, Prentice Hall, London.
• Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack & Co.

 

Course Name: PHARMACEUTICS VIII

Course Code: PH511

Intended semester: Semester (9)

Allocated Hour: 3(2+1)

Course Description:

The course involves topics related to the kinetics of drug absorption, distribution, bioavailability, compartmental models, reaction rates and orders as well as clearance.

Course contact:

Lectures                         30 Hours

Practical                        45 Hours

Total                               75 Hours

 

Objectives:

• At the end of the course students should be able to:
• Recognize transport across membranes, i.e passive diffusion, active transport, facilitated diffusion.
• Understand pH-partition theory and deviation from it limitation of pH-partition Hypothesis.
• Explain methods of assessing bioavailability.
• Recognize Kinetics of drug absorption, compartmental models.
• Define drug stability and explain factors affecting reaction rate.
• Determine of the order of reaction and recognize classifications of climate zones.
• Understand manufacturing of Nanoparticles, characterization and properties

Course content:

• Terminology and definition.
• Kinetics of drug absorption.
• Compartment model: one compartment model, two compartment model and multicompartment model, blood level data analysis, urine data analysis.
• Determination of pharmacokinetic parameters.
• Renal clearance, Hepatic clearance.
• Multiple –dose administration and dose interval.
• Kinetics in evaluation of drugs and drug products.

Practical:

• Target topics are:
• Determination of partition coefficient and dissociation constant.
• Intestinal permeability using chicken intestine.
• Effect of permeation enhancer on drug permeability.

Reference:

• Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Mile Gibaldi, Lea and Febriger, Philadelphia.
• Current concepts in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swarbrick, Lea and Febriger, Philadelphia. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Rowland and Tozer, Lea and Febriger, Philadelphia.
• Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Niazi, Prentice Hall, London.
• Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack & Co.

Course Name: PHARMACEUTICS XI

Course Code: PH521

Intended semester: Semester 10

Allocated Hours:  3(2+1).

Course Description:

The course discuses issues related to packing, pharmacy law and ethics, practice at the community pharmacy, cosmetology, sterile dosage forms as well as controlled dosage forms.

Course Contact:

Lectures                         30 Hours

Practical                        45 Hours

Total                               75 Hours

Objective:

At the end of the course students should be able to:

• Recognize packaging, standard operating procedure (SOP), hazard and risk analysis in pharmaceutical products.
• Explain Laws governing the practice of pharmacy and provision relating to dangerous drugs.
• Recognize practice and managing the community pharmacy, purchasing and inventory control.
• Define cosmetic products and recognize their preparations.
• Recognize non- prescription drugs for the treatment of pain, worm infection, insomnia, acne, hemorrhoids, and other ailments and problems.
• Define packaging and understand factors influencing choice of container.
• Define different types of container packaging materials.
• Understand sterile dosage forms and explain their advantages and disadvantages.
• Distinguish various designs of controlled release delivery systems.

 

Course content:

Kinetics and drug stability (20 hours):

Stability of medicines:-

• Definitions of Stability, Rhodes stability notes, Modes of pharmaceutical Degradation
• Chemical Degradation routes, Solvolysis, Hydrolysis, Dehydration, Oxydation, Photolysis (photochemical degradation), Polymerization, Racimizaion(optical isomerization)

Physicochemical Factors affecting reaction rate:

• Solvents, pH effects and buffer salts, Humidity of the air, moisture (atmosphere), Chemical structure, Surfactants, Thermal decomposition, Chemical interaction and Complexing agents

Physical Stability:-

• Evaporation, Polymorphism, Temperature, Aging, Adsoprtion, Hygroscopicity (absorption of water) and Solid state reactions and kinetics.

Shelf –life and testing:

·         Zero –Order Reactions, First –Order Reaction, Pseudo –First Order Reaction, Second –Order Reactions and Third –Order Reactions.

Determination of Order:

• Graphic method, Determination of the order of reaction by t1/2 method

Determination of Shelf –Life:

·         Factors affecting the stability of drug in liquid media: PH, Solvent, Buffer, Temperature, Metals, Oxygen and Light.

• Accelerated Testing (Stress Testing)
• Container Closure System Specifications, Testing frequency

Classification of Climatic Zones:

• Temperate climate, Mediterranean-like and subtropical climates,Hot dry climate, dry regions, Hot, humid climate, tropics, Statements/Labeling.
• Drug Products Packaged in Semipermeable Containers
• Container Closure System, Storage Conditions

Long-term testing:

• Evaluation: In-Process Testing.

Accelerated Testing:

• Temperature, Shelf –life Calculations and Regression Control Chart Method

Mean Kinetic Temperature:

• Definition, MKT versus Arithmetic Mean Temperature.
• Relative Humidity (RH).

 

Factors Affecting Stability and Determination:

·         Effect of pH, Humidity, Accelerated Tests for Photochemical Stability

·         Centrifugation, Crystal Growth, Evaporation, Sedimentation, Coagulation

·         Microbial and Microbiological stability, Effects of Package Design and material

Toxicity Stability:

• Drug Development Process, Toxicological Phase

Therapeutic Stability:

• Clinical Phases, Shelf –life estimation by Q10 Method.

Design of controlled Drug Release Delivery Systems (8 hours):

• Introduction.
• Prodrugs as Drug Delivery Systems: Rationale for prodrug design, Principles of prodrug design.
• Ester-based Prodrugs, Amide-based prodrugs, salt-based prodrugs, and diffusion controlled drug delivery systems, matrix systems, hydrophobic matrix systems, hydrophilic matrix systems, reservoir systems and dissolution controlled drug delivery systems.

Gastric retentive dosage forms:-

• A-design of retentive delivery systems based on size: tablet size and the fed mode
• Retentive of expanding systems in the fasted state.

• Design of retentive delivery systems based on density: A-density greater than gastric fluid (submerged), b-density lower than gastric fluid (floating)
• Design of retentive delivery systems based on adhesion: a-mucoadhesive systems, b-polymer as bioadhesives, c-localization in specific resgions to enhance drug bioavailability and d-application of bioahesion
• Osmotic controlled drug delivery systems: A-classification of osmotic pumps: B-osmotic delivery systems of solids, A-osmotic delivery systems for liquids: A-elementary osmotic pump

Marketed products: Packaging (4 hours)

Drugs interactions in dosage form (5 hours)

• Recent trends in pharmaceutics (New concepts in drug delivery, Nano products and (12 hours).
• Cosmetics (6 hours).

 

Quality assurance and G.M.P. (10 hours)

References:

• Quality assurance of Drugs in Pharmaceuticals, P.D.Sethi, VandanaPubl, New Delhi.
• Pharmaceutical statistics, S.B. Bolton, Vol 80, Marcel Dekker, NY.
• Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceuticals, SH Wllig, Vol 78, Marcel Dekker, NY.
• Statistical design and analysis in pharmaceutical sciences, Marcel Dekker, NY.
• Statistical Methodology in Pharmaceutical Science, D.A. Berry, Marcel Dekker, NY.
• Latest edition of IP, BP, USP.
• Medical Statistics at a Glance, A. Petric, Blackwell Sc, UK.

• Good Laboratory Practice Regulations, S.Weinberg, Vol 69, Marcel Dekker, NY

 

Pharmaceutical Technology

Semester VIII

Credit hours: 3 (2+1)

Suspensions (4 hours)

1. Definitions and classifications, desirable quality of acceptable suspension, interfacial properties of suspended particles .settling in suspensions , formulation , flocculating agents , preparation of suspensions .

Emulsion (4 hours).

2. Definitions and terminology, type of emulsions, determination, stability factors affecting , emulsion theories , mechanism of emulsifying agents , preparation , application , pharmceutical preparation , criteria for emulsion formulations

 Semi-solids (5 hours).

Ointments:  Percutaneous absorption, Types of ointment bases, Methods of preparation      and Pharmaceutical application Gels, Pastes, Creams.

Aerosols (2 hours).

Advantages of aerosol dosage forms, the aerosol principle components of aerosol     package, partial pressure of aerosol formulations, aerosol container and valve assembly

Aerosol systems:

Liquefied gas propellant systems, compressed gas systems, filling operations types   of aerosol formulations:-

Space sprays, surface sprays and surface coatings, metered dose inhalers, foam aerosols,

inhalations:- inhalants sprays, formulations:-metered dose inhalants suspensions, intranasal delivery systems, packaging ,labeling and storage stability, quality control and testing of filled containers

 Medical auxiliaries (2 hours).

Sterile product (6 hours)

Prenteral medications and sterile fluids, Injections:-

Parenteral routes of administration:-

IV, I.M route, subcutaneous route, intradermal route, intrathecal route, preparation, sterilization, facilities and processing, quality control ,other injectable products:-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pharmaceutical Chemistry

 

Course Name: Pharmaceutical Chemistry I (organic chemistry I)

Course Code: PH122

Allocated hours: 3(2+1)

Intended semester: Semester (2)

Course description:

In general Organic Chemistry is an extended course that will be taught within 4 consecutive semesters. Organic Chemistry I course provides an introduction to the chemistry of aliphatic and hydrocarbons in terms of nomenclature, physical properties, reactivity and their stereochemistry.

Course contact:

Lectures                                   30 hrs

Practical and tutorials             45 hrs

Total                                       75 contact hrs

Course objectives:

By completion of the course, student is expected to:

• Be able to systematically name hydrocarbons and know the trivial names of some of them.
• Understand the differences in stability reactivity and properties between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
• Understand the conformational and configurational isomerism of acyclic and cyclic alkanes.
• To know Cis and trans of alkenes and Z, E designation
• Be able to deduce the mechanism of organic reactions (free radical substitution and electrophilic addition reaction).
• Know The concept of the stereochemistry.

Course Pre-requisites:

• General Chemistry

Course content

Lectures:

Alkanes and their stereochemistry (8 hrs):

• Introduction, Nomenclature, Properties of alkanes, Reactions, Acyclic alkanes (Constitutional and conformational isomerism).

 

Cycle alkanes and their stereochemistry (4 hrs):

• Nomenclature, Cis-trans isomerism, Stability of cycloalkanes: Ring strain, Conformations of cycloalkanes, Conformations of Cyclohexane, Axial and Equatorial bond in cyclohexane and Conformations in substituted cyclohexanes.

Alkenes and dienes (8 hrs):

• Nomenclature, Cis and trans isomerism in alkenes, Z, E Designation, Stability of alkenes, Electrophilic addition reactions, Reactions and synthesis, Oxidation of alkenes.

Dienes (2 hrs):

• Conjugation and resonance, Stability and reactivity, Electrophilic addition reactions (1, 2- VS 1, 4- addition), Isoprene reactions and Diels-Alder reaction.

Alkynes (2 hrs):

• Structures, reactivity and synthesis, Electrophilic addition reaction, Oxidation reaction and Acidity of terminal alkynes.

Stereochemistry (6 hrs):

• Conformation and configuration isomerism, Enantiomers and the tetrahedral carbon (Chirality, properties of enantiomers, plorameter, optical activity and specific rotation, optical purity, ee% &de %), S and R configuration), Diastereomers (threo and erthro, cis and Trans, Z and E), Meso compounds and Racemic mixtures.

Practical (24 hrs.):

Topics to cover include:

• General lab safety and handling of equipment + How to write a lab report.
• Recrystallization, Melting point determination and calculation of recovery %.
• Refluxing and distillation.
• Qualitative elemental analysis of organic compounds.
• Organic chemistry models, Polarimetry and stereochemistry.
• Detection and differentiation (alkanes and alkenes).
• Drawing (using chemdraw and 3D chemdraw).

Tutorials (21 hrs.):

Topics for consideration are:

• Electronic configuration, bonding theory and hybridization.
• Formal charge, resonance and Lewis structure (2 tutorials).
• Polarity, Acids and bases.
• Stereochemistry, and isomerism.
• Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.

 

List of Readings:

• Organic Chemistry, Mc-Murry J (ed.), 8th edition, Brooks / Cole, Cengage Learning, Jan 2011.
• Organic Chemistry, Graham Solomons TW, Craig B Fryhile (eds.), 10th edition, John Wiley and Son, INC, 2011.
• Organic Chemistry, Hart H, Leslie E Grain et al (eds.),13th edition, Brooks / Cole, Cengage Learning, 2012.
• Organic Chemistry, Morrison RT and Boyd RN (eds.), 7th edition.

 

Course Name: Pharmaceutical Chemistry II (organic chemistry II)

Course Code: PH212

Intended semester: Semester 3

Allocated hours: 3(2+1)

Course description:

This course reviews the chemistry of aromatic hydrocharbons, alkyl halides, aryl halides, alcohols, glycols, ethers and phenols.

Course contacts:

Lectures                                  30 hrs

Practical and tutorials             45 hrs

Total                                        75 contact hrs

Course objectives:

Upon successful completion of the course, student is expected to:

• Be able to systematically name aromatic hydrocarbon (benzene and its substitutions, polynuclear hydrocarbons).
• Be able to systematically name alkyl and aryl halides, alcohols, ethers, glycols and phenols.
• Be able to propose synthesis routes of the classes of organic compounds mentioned above.
• Understand and explain the reactivity of the classes of organic compounds mentioned above.
• Understand the mechanism of electrophilic substitution
• Understand the mechanism of nucleophilic addition and substitution reactions.

Course Pre-requisites:

• Pharmaceutical organic Chemistry I
• Physical Chemistry I

Course content:

Lectures

Aromatic hydrocarbons (10 hrs):

• Benzene structure and aromaticity, Electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction (general mechanism, generation of different electrophiles, reactivity, regioselectivity and limitations), Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon e.g. naphthalene and phenanthrene (synthesis and reaction).

Alkylhalides and aryl halides (8 hrs):

• Synthesis of alkyl halides, Nucleophilic substitution (Mechanism and stereochemistry), Reactions of alkylhalides (Elimination, reduction, Grignard reagent preparation), Nucleophilic aromatic substitution.

Alcohols, glycols, Ethers and phenols (12 hrs):

• Introduction (nomenclature, physical properties), Synthesis of alcohol, Reaction of alcohol and oxidation, Glycols, Ethers (cyclic and acyclic)

Practical (21 hrs)

Topics for consideration are:

• Aromatic compounds.

Tutorials (24 hrs):

Topics to be covered are:

• Aromatic hydrocarbons and polynuclear.
• Alkyl halides.
• Glycols and ethers.

List of Readings:

• Organic Chemistry, Mc-Murry J (ed.), 8th edition, Brooks / Cole, Cengage Learning, Jan 2011.
• Organic Chemistry, Graham Solomons TW, Craig B Fryhile (eds.), 10th edition, John Wiley and Son, INC, 2011.
• Organic Chemistry, Hart H, Leslie E Grain et al (eds.),13th edition, Brooks / Cole, Cengage Learning, 2012.
• Organic Chemistry, Morrison RT and Boyd RN (eds.), 7th edition.

 

 

Course Name: Pharmaceutical Chemistry III (organic chemistry III)

Course Code: PH222

Intended semester: Semester (4)

Allocated hours: 3(2+1)

Course description:

This course provides an introduction to the chemistry of carbonyl containing compounds, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, together with nitrogen and sulphar containing organic compounds.

Course Contacts:

Lectures                                      30 hrs

Practicals and tutorials               45 hrs

Total                                           75 contact hrs

Course objectives:

By the completion of the course, the student is expected to be able to:

• Systematically name carbonyl containing compounds, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives.
• Systematically name amines, sulphar containing compounds.
• Propose synthesis routes of these organic compounds.
• Understand the differences between acyl nucleophilic addition and substitution.
• Predict and explain the reactivity of these organic compounds.

Course content:

Lectures

Aldehydes and ketones (10 hrs):

• Introduction (Nomenclature, physical properties), Synthesis of aldehydes and ketones, Nucleophilic addition reactions, Oxidation reaction, Acidity of alpha hydrogen in aldehyde and ketones and enol ion reaction.

Carboxylic acids and their derivatives (12 hrs):

• Introduction (Nomenclature and physical properties), Acidity, salt formation property and isolation, Synthesis of carboxylic acid, Reactions of carboxylic acid, Alpha substitution and reaction of alpha haloacids, Functional derivatives of carboxylic acids and acyl nucleophilic substitution reactions (Acid chloride, Acid anhydride, cyclic and acyclic Esters, thioesters, cyclic and acyclic Amides, Imides, Acetoacetic and malonic acid synthesis).

Aliphatic and aromatic amines (6 hrs):

• Basicity and nucleophilicity.

Sulphonic acids, sulphonate esters and sulphonamide (2 hrs)

Practical (24 hrs)

Topics to consider are:

• Aldehydes and ketones.
• Carboxylic acid(aliphatic).
• Carboxylic acid(aromatic).
• Carboxylic acid derivatives .

Tutorials (21hrs):

Topics include:

• Aldehydes and ketones.
• Carboxylic acid and their derivatives.
• sulphonic acids, esters and amides.

 

Reading list:

• Organic Chemistry, Mc-Murry J (ed.), 8th edition, Brooks / Cole, Cengage Learning, Jan 2011.
• Organic Chemistry, Graham Solomons TW, Craig B Fryhile (eds.), 10th edition, John Wiley and Son, INC, 2011.
• Organic Chemistry, Hart H, Leslie E Grain et al (eds.),13th edition, Brooks / Cole, Cengage Learning, 2012.
• Organic Chemistry, Morrison RT and Boyd RN (eds.), 7th edition.

 

 

 

 

 

Course Name: Pharmaceutical Chemistry IV (Medicinal Chemistry I)

Course Code: PH312

Intended semester: Semester (5)

Allocated hours: 2 credit hrs (2+0)

Course description:

This course provides an introduction to the broad field of heterocyclic chemistry by reviewing the major classes of heterocyclic compounds in terms of nomenclature, properties, preparation and reactions. The second part of the course deals with the application of organic chemistry reactions in the synthesis of examples of interesting pharmaceutical products. The specific examples were used for illustration.

Course contacts:

Lectures                                  30 hrs

Course objectives:

By the end of the course, student is expected to:

• Have a broad understanding of the major classes of heterocyclic compounds.
• Be able to predict and explain the reactivity of heterocyclic compounds
• Demonstrate the ability of suggesting synthetic routes to heterocyclic compounds from simple starting materials.
• Integrate and apply the knowledge gained in the foundational chemistry course in the synthesis of pharmaceutical products with special emphasis on racemic synthesis, separation and asymmetric synthesis.

Course content:

Lectures:

Heterocyclic chemistry (16 hrs):

Racemic synthesis and separation (6 hrs)

• Example 1: Synthesis of Naproxen.
• Example 2: Synthesis Propranolol.
• Example 3: Synthesis of Fluoxetine.

Asymmetric synthesis (8 hrs):

Different strategies and examples:

• Example 1: Synthesis of enalapril and Synthesis of Ethynylestradiol.
• Example 2: (Chiral auxilliary).
• Example 3: Synthesis of naproxen and (S)-Ramelteon (external chiral ligand controlled).
• Example 4: Chiral pool (Synthesis of enalapril).

List of Readings:

• Organic Chemistry, Mc-Murry J (ed.), 8th edition, Brooks / Cole, Cengage Learning, Jan 2011.
• Organic Chemistry, Graham Solomons TW, Craig B Fryhile (eds.), 10th edition, John Wiley and Son, INC, 2011.
• Organic Chemistry, Hart H, Leslie E Grain et al (eds.),13th edition, Brooks / Cole, Cengage Learning, 2012.
• Organic Chemistry, Morrison RT and Boyd RN (eds.), 7th editi

• Heterocyclic chemistry by J. A. Joule and K. Mills, 5th edition,Wiley, 2010.

Course Name: Pharmaceutical Chemistry V (Medicinal Chemistry II)

Course Code: PH 322

Intended semester: Semester (6)

Allocated hours: 2(2+0)

Course description:

The first part of the subject deals with many aspects related to the molecular properties of the drug that have great impact on both the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drug molecules. This includes the physicochemical properties covering the lipophilicity, water solubility, acidity and basicity, dissociation constant, chemical and biological stability. Moreover, this part will cover an introduction about drug design and some possible structural modifications of drugs. The second part concerns about the different metabolic transformation the drug will undergo inside the body. The third part of this subject introduces the student to the process of drug discovery, design and development with case studies.

Course Contacts:

Lectures                               30 hrs

Course objectives:

By the end of the course, students will be able:

• To explore the role played by organic chemistry in drug discovery.
• To know the biological targets and the demands for drugs interacting with them.
• To predict metabolites from the chemical structure of the drug.
• To demonstrate familiarity with the drug design process.
• To be able to expect some molecular properties that affects most aspects of the drug inside the body.

Course content:

Lectures:

Introduction to medicinal chemistry (2 hrs).

Physicochemical properties of drugs (8 hrs):

• Hydrophobicity and hydrophobicity of drug (partition coefficient, the substituent hydrophobicity constant), Electronic effects (Hammet substituent constant), Steric factors (Taft’s steric factor, Molar refractivity, Verloop steric parameter), Acidity and basicity of drugs, Intermolecular forces involved in drug-target interactions (electrostatic and covalent), Stereochemical aspects of drug action.

 

Drug metabolism (6 hrs): introduction, Phase-I metabolism (oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis), Phase-II metabolism (conjugation with glucuronic acid, sulphate, aminoacids, glutathione, methyl and acetyl), Case studies.

Drug and Drug targets:

An overview (4 hrs)

• Enzymes as drug targets, Receptors as drug targets, Nucleic acids as drug targets, Miscellaneous (proteins, carbohydrates and lipids).

Drug discovery, design and development (10 hrs):

• Drug discovery: finding a lead, Drug design: optimizing target interaction, Drug design: optimizing access to the target, Getting the drug to the market, Case studies (The Design of ACE inhibitors, The Design of Artemisinin and related antimalarial drugs, The design of oxamniquine).

List of Readings:

• An introduction to Medicinal Chemistry, Graham L. Patrick (ed.), 5th edition, Oxford, 2013.
• Wilson and Gisvolds text book of organic medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry, John H. Black and John M. Beale (eds.), 12th edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2011.
• Foyes principle of medicinal chemistry, David H. Williams, Thomas L. Leuke, Williams O. Foye (eds.), 6th edition, Lippincot William and Wilkins. 2009.
• Medicinal Chemistry, A Molecular and Biochemical Approach, Thomas Nogrady and Donald F. Weaver (eds.), 3rd edition, Oxford, 2005.
• Computational drug design: a guide for computational and medicinal chemists, David C. Young (ed.), Wiley 2009.
• Medicinal Chemistry: an introduction, Gareth Thomas (ed.), 2nd edition, Wiley, 2007.

 

 

 

 

 

Course Name: Course Name: Pharmaceutical Chemistry VI (Medicinal Chemistry III)

Course code: PH412

Intended semester: Semester (7)

Allocated hours: 2(2+0)

Course description:

This course introduces students to combinatorial chemistry; a relatively new field that has dramatically changed the paradigm for the discovery of novel compounds with the desired properties. The principles of combinatorial chemistry, methods and techniques used to generate libraries of compounds will be addressed. Thereafter, methods of screening the compounds will be studied in details. Specific examples from the pharmaceutical industry will be used to illustrate the essential role of combinatorial chemistry in drug design. The final part is a brief introduction to the basics of computational methods used in drug design, docking and strategies of computer-aided drug design (CADD). Case studies highlighting recent successes will be discussed.

In this course there are concerns with chemistry attributes of drugs acting on different biological receptors, cardiovascular system and antihistamines

Course Contacts

Lectures                                              30 hrs

Practical and tutorials                         45 hrs

Total                                                    75 contact hrs

Course objectives:

Upon completion of the course, the student is expected to be provided with:

• A comprehensive understanding of combinatorial chemistry in science and technology, starting from basic principles to the point of application in the various fields of chemistry, catalysis, biotechnology, and material science, with focus on drug design.
• An overview of the basics of computer-aided drug design and the strategies of designing a drug whether the target is known (structure-based) or unknown (ligand-based lead generation). Bioinformatics and virtual high-throughput screening will also be discussed briefly.
• The computational techniques required for design, development and synthesis of drug molecules
• Chemistry of cardiovascular and antihistamine drugs

Course content:

Lectures:

Combinatorial chemistry (2hrs):

• Introduction, Principles, Libraries: types and design, Application: with special emphasis on drug design, Methods and techniques, Evaluation of combinatorial libraries (Deconvolution and High-throughput screening, HTS), Possible limitations, Case studies (Solid phase synthesis of 1, 4- benzodiazepines, Identification of new opioid peptides from combinatorial libraries).

Quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) (2hrs):

• Introduction, Graphs and equations: linear regression analysis, Physicochemical properties, Planning a QSAR study, Case study:QSAR of the antiallergic activity of substituted pyranenamines.

Computer-aided drug design (CADD) (6hrs):

• Introduction (1 hr).
• Models (Molecular modeling methods and Computer graphics).
• Molecular mechanics & molecular dynamics, Quantum mechanics (1hr).
• Docking (1hrs).
• Introduction, Docking process, De novo
• Pharmacophores and some of their uses (1 hr).
• Modeling protein structures (1hrs).
• Strategies for computer-aided drug design (1 hr) .
• CADD in lead generation, Structure-based drug design, Bioinformatics in CADD, Virtual high-throughput screening (vHTS).
• Drugs acting on cholinergic receptors (2 hrs).
• Drugs acting on adrenergic receptors (2 hrs).
• Cardiovascular agents (10 hrs).
• Diuretics
• Antihypertensive agent
• Antihyperlipidemic agents
• Antianginal agents
• Antihistamines and related antiallergic and antiulcer agents (6 hrs)

 

 

Practical and tutorials (45 hrs):

Topics for consideration are:

• Combinatorial synthesis and discovery of an antibiotic compound.
• Chemical, protein and sequence database search tools and virtual screening.
• Visualisation and analysis of macromolecular structure.
• Molecular docking
• Introduction to modeling software (Rasmol, Swiss-PbdViewer and AutoDock)and graphical models.

List of Readings:

• An introduction to Medicinal Chemistry, Graham L. Patrick (ed.), 5th edition, Oxford, 2013.
• Wilson and Gisvolds text book of organic medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry, John H. Black and John M. Beale (ed.), 12th edn, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2011.
• Foyes principle of medicinal chemistry, David H. Williams, Thomas L. Leuke, Williams O. Foye (eds.), 6th edition, Lippincot William and Wilkins. 2009.
• Medicinal Chemistry, A Molecular and Biochemical Approach, Thomas Nogrady and Donald F. Weaver (eds.), 3rd edition, Oxford, 2005.
• Computational drug design: a guide for computational and medicinal chemists, David C Young (ed.), Wiley 2009.
• Medicinal Chemistry: an introduction, Gareth Thomas (ed.), 2nd edition, Wiley, 2007.

Course Name: Pharmaceutical Chemistry VII (Medicinal Chemistry IV)

Course Code: PH422

Intended semester: Semester (8)

Allocated hours: 2 credit hrs 2(2+0)

Course description:

This course concerns with chemistry attributes of drugs acting on different biological receptors, central nervous system. Chemical attributes of local anesthetics are also of concern in this course. In addition subject deals with many drug groups of different pharmacological actions such as steroidal compounds, anticancer agents, and antiviral agents were discussed

Course Contacts

Lectures                  30 hrs

Course Objectives:

By completion of the course, students will be equipped with comprehensive chemistry-oriented knowledge on:

• Drugs acting on CNS
• Drugs that utilized as local anesthetics.
• Steroids
• Anticancer

Course content:

Lectures

Drugs acting on the CNS (12 hrs):  

• Hypnotic and sedatives
• Antidepressant
• Anticonvulsant
• Antipsychotic agent
• Antiparkinsonism
• Analgesics and opioids

Local anaesthetics (2 hrs)

Steroids and therapeutically related compounds (6 hrs):

• Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene and templates: cholestane, pregnane, androstane and estrange.

Anticancer agents (8 hrs):

• Alkylating agents.
• Drugs acting on nucleic acids.
• Antimetabolites and other anticancer agents.

Antiviral agents (2 hrs):

List of Readings:

• An introduction to Medicinal Chemistry, Graham L. Patrick (ed.), 5th edition, Oxford, 2013.
• Wilson and Gisvolds text book of organic medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry, John H. Black and John M. Beale (eds.), 12th edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2011.
• Foyes principle of medicinal chemistry, David H Williams, Thomas L Leuke, Williams O Foye (eds.), 6th edition, Lippincot William and Wilkins. 2009.
• Medicinal Chemistry, A Molecular and Biochemical Approach, by Thomas Nogrady and Donald F Weaver (eds.), 3rd edition, Oxford, 2005.
• Computational drug design: a guide for computational and medicinal chemists, David C Young (ed.), Wiley 2009.
• Medicinal Chemistry: an introduction, Gareth Thomas (ed.), 2nd edition, Wiley, 2007.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Course Name: Pharmaceutical Chemistry VIII (Medicinal Chemistry V)

Course Code: PH512

Intended semester: Semester (9)

Allocated hours: 2 credit hrs. (2+0)

Course description:

This course is a continuation course in which students will receive comprehensive knowledge on specific drug groups; antibacterial agents, antifungal agents and antimalarials. At the end of the course emphasis is given to the discovery of drugs for neglected and tropical diseases like mycetoma, leishmania and schistosomiasis.

In addition anti-inflammatory agents, oral hypoglycemic agents, antihistamines and and antithyroids. The effect of the chemical structure on the physicochemical properties, biological activity, drug distribution, metabolism and toxicity is discussesd for each drug group.

Course Contacts:

Lectures                                             30 hrs

Course objectives:

Upon completion of the course, students will be provided with the intended Chemistry based knowledge on:

• Antibacterial, antifungal and antimalarial agents
• Drug discovery for tropical and neglected diseases
• Acquire the intended knowledge on the drug groups to be studied.
• Be able to design pharmacologically active agents based on the information known about currently available agents and the drug receptor interactions.

Course Content:

Lectures:

Antibacterial agent (14 hrs):

• Penicillins
• Cephalosporins
• Sulfonamides
• Aminoglycosides
• Chloramphenicol
• Tetracyclines
• Quinolones
• Antimycobacterial agents

Antimalarials (4 hrs)

Antifungals (2 hrs)

Drug discovery for tropical and neglected diseases (4 hrs)

• Antileishmanial agents
• Antimycetomal gents
• Antiamoebic agents
• Antischistosomal agents

Anti-inflammatory agents (2 hrs) :

• Non-Steroidal anti-inflammatory agents

Oral hypoglycemic agents (2 hrs)

Antithyroids (2 hrs)

List of Readings:

• An introduction to Medicinal Chemistry, Graham L. Patrick (ed.), 5th edition, Oxford, 2013.
• Wilson and Gisvolds text book of organic medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry, John H. Black and John M. Beale (eds.), 12th edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2011.
• Foyes principle of medicinal chemistry, David H Williams, Thomas L Leuke, Williams O Foye (eds.), 6th edition, Lippincot William and Wilkins. 2009.
• Medicinal Chemistry, A Molecular and Biochemical Approach, by Thomas Nogrady and Donald F Weaver (eds.), 3rd edition, Oxford, 2005.
• Computational drug design: a guide for computational and medicinal chemists, David C Young (ed.), Wiley 2009.
• Medicinal Chemistry: an introduction, Gareth Thomas (ed.), 2nd edition, Wiley, 2007.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Course Name: Pharmaceutical Analysis I

Course Code: PH224

Intended semester: Semester (4)

Allocated hours: 3(2+1)

Course Description:

To give the students an idea about the quantitative analysis using advanced methods including molecular spectroscopy by providing theoretical basis of instrumentation, solution quantitation, sample preparation and data analysis.

Contact hours:

Lectures                                         15 hrs

Practical and tutorials                   45 hrs

Total                                              60 contact hrs

Course Objectives:

By the end of the course, student will be able to:

• Identify different types of drugs in raw materials and finished forms using the IR.
• Distinguish the molecules that absorbing and emitting UV light.
• Optimize different conditions affecting light absorbing and analysis.
• Apply the quantitative techniques in UV and fluoremetry for drugs in different dosage forms.

Course contents:

Lectures (15 hrs):

IR spectroscopy (4hrs):

• IR region, Requirements for IR absorption, Modes of vibrations, Degree of Freedom, Units, Bond properties and absorption trends, Factors affecting position of vibration, important frequencies in IR spectra, Instrumentation, Sample preparation, Baseline, Technique, Principle to FT (Fourier Transform), Principle and application of Raman Spectroscopy.

Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (7hrs):

• UV spectrum, Electrons classification, Electronic transitions involved, Definitions (Chromophore, Auxochrome, Bathochromic shift, hypsochromic shift…etc), Quantitative application, Deviation from Beer’s Law, Irrelevant absorption and its Elimination, Detection of impurities, Colorimetric analysis, Absorptimetry in qualitative Analysis, Instrumentation.

Spectrofluorometry (4hrs):

Fluorescence principle, Deactivation methods of excited molecules, Phosphorescence and Luminescence, Characteristics of fluorescent

Molecules, Instrumentation, Quantitative Application, Advantages and disadvantages, Factors affecting fluorescence intensity, Applications of spectrofluorometry, Classification of fluorometric drug analysis

Practicals and Tutorials (45 hrs):

Topics for consideration are:

• Instruments orientation.
• Sample preparation for IR analysis
• Qualitative analysis using IR.
• Quantitative analysis using UV spectrophotometry:
• Determination of mefenamic acid in tablets.
• Determination of frusemide in tablets.
• Determination of indomethacin in capsules.
• Determination of stoichiometry using jobs method.

List of Readings:

• A textbook of Pharmacy students and pharmaceutical, David G Watson (ed.), Harcourt Publishers Limited, UK.
• Practical pharmaceutical chemistry, Part II, Beckett and Stenlake (eds.), CBS publishers and distributors.
• Modern analytical Chemistry, David and Alexender (eds.), The McGraw-Hill Companies.

 

 

Course Name: Pharmaceutical Analysis II

Code: PH314

Intended semester: Semester (5)

Allocated hours: 2(1+1)

Course Description:

To provide the students with the basic knowledge of the quantitative analysis using advanced methods including optical and atomic spectroscopy by providing theoretical basis of absorption and emission processes, instrumentation, sample preparation and data analysis.

Contact hours:

Lectures                                                   15 hrs

Practical and tutorials                             45 hrs

Total                                                        60 contact hrs

Course Objectives:

By the end of this course, the student will be able to:

• Demonstrate and use different types of instruments.
• Identify and quantify alkali metals in different dosage forms.
• Identify and quantify the optically active compounds.

Course contents:

Lectures (15 hrs);

Introduction to spectroscopy (3hrs):

• Definition of spectroscopy, wavelength and frequency, absorption and emission processes

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (4hrs):

• Absorption processes involved, instrumentation, application of atomic absorption relationship between absorption and concentration, interferences in atomic absorption, advantages and disadvantages, chemical atomization methods.

Atomic emission spectroscopy (4hrs):

• Principle of emission process, instrumentation, flame Photometry, calibration techniques and quantitative applications.

Polarimetry (2hrs):

• Plane polarized light, factors affecting optical rotation, instrumentation (measurement of angle of rotation), and applications of polarimetry.

 

Refractometry (2hrs):

• Refraction, refractive index, measurement of refractive index, instrumentation (Abbe refractometer), qualitative and quantitative analysis using refractive index.

Practical and Tutorials (45hrs):

Topics for consideration are:

• Qualitative analysis using limit tests.
• Determination of chloride in sodium sulphate.
• Determination of salicylic acid in aspirin.
• Determination of sulphate in sodium bicarbonate
• Determination of sodium chloride using flame photometry.
• Determination of dextrose in dextrose 5% infusion using polarimetry.

List of Readings:

• A textbook of Pharmacy students and pharmaceutical, David G Watson (ed.), Harcourt Publishers Limited, UK.
• Practical pharmaceutical chemistry, Part II, Beckett and Stenlake (eds.), CBS publishers and distributors.
• Modern analytical Chemistry, David and Alexender (eds.), The McGraw-Hill Companies.

 

 

Course Name: Pharmaceutical Analysis III

Code: PH324  

Intended semester: Semester (6)

Allocated hours: 3 credit hrs (2+1)

Course Description:

The aim of this course is to provide the students with different applications of the chromatographic techniques in drug analysis with the concentration on the optimization and development of methods of separation in different types of chromatography with respect to type of detectors.

Contact hours:

Lectures                                           30 hrs

Practical and tutorials                      45 hrs

Total                                                 75 contact hrs

Course Objectives:

At the end of this course, the students will be able to:

• Understand and develop knowledge on separation techniques.
• Develop knowledge on state of mobile phases used, columns and other parameters.
• Separate substances in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
• Detect the presence and quantify the amount of certain component in a mixture.
• Develop an understanding and demonstration of chromatographs.

Course contents:

Lectures:

Instrumentation and Detectors (4 hrs):

• High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC), Size-exclusion Chromatography, Ion-exchange Chromatography, Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC, HPTLC; qualitative and quantitative analysis), Types of detectors.

Qualitative Application (12 hrs):

• Dependency on the International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) guidelines and Validation of methods.

Quantitative Application for drug analysis (8 hrs):

• Application examples for quantification of different drugs.

 

Analysis of drug in biological fluids (2 hrs.):

• Application of drug analysis in biological fluids (blood, urine …etc.)

New trends in pharmaceutical analysis (4 hrs):

• Electrophoresis, Flow injection analysis (FIA), Super-critical fluid chromatography (SFC).

Practical and Tutorials (45hrs):

Topics for consideration are:

• Orientation of HPLC instrument.
• Detection of impurities and related substances using TLC (e.g. Salicylic acid in Aspirin).
• Selection of an appropriate internal standard using TLC
• Separation of a mixture of compounds using TLC (paracetamol and caffeine in tablets)
• Assay of selected eye drops using HPLC.
• Construction of calibration curve and the analysis of paracetamol tablets using caffeine as internal standard using HPLC.
• GLC
• HPTLC

List of Readings:

• A textbook of Pharmacy students and pharmaceutical, David G Watson (ed.), Harcourt Publishers Limited, UK.
• Practical pharmaceutical chemistry, Part II, Beckett and Stenlake (eds.), CBS publishers and distributors.
• Modern analytical Chemistry, David and Alexander (eds.), The McGraw-Hill Companies.

 

 

 

Course Name: Pharmaceutical Analysis IV

Code: PH414

Intended semester: Semester (7)

Allocated hours: 2 credit hr (1+1)

Course Description:

This course aims to give a basic formation in the theory and practice (processing and analysis) of high resolution liquid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy.

Contact hours:

Lectures                                15 hrs

Course Objectives:

Upon completion of the course, students will be:

• Able to describe the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance.
• Knowledgeable about the concept and instrumentation of NMR.
• Familiar with determination of protons numbers, types and neighboring protons in molecules.
• Capable to determine the 13C NMR of the molecule.
• Able to collect the data of 1HNMR together with 13CNMR and convert such data into molecular structure.
• Familiar with principles and development of mass spectrometry.
• Familiar with methods of ionisation and desorption of molecules and electron ionization.
• Equipped with knowledge related to methods of chemical ionisation, field ionisation and field desorption, laser ionisation, MALDI and fast atom bombardment
• Capable to understand principles of separation of ions in mass spectrometry using sector mass spectrometers.
• Knowledgeable with detection of metastable ions, and separation of ions by using of dynamical mass spectrometers.
• Capable to understand how joining of chromatographic methods with mass spectrometers: (hyphenated techniques: GC-MS, LC-MS, thermospray, electrospray).
• Able to interpretate data of elemental analysis, chemical reactions and instrumental analysis in order to elucidate the structure of unknown compound.

 

 

Course content:

Lectures:

Nuclear Magnetic Radiation (8 hrs):

• The concept of NMR, diamagnetic shielding or diamagnetic anisotropy, chemical shift, instrumentation, NMR solvent and internal standard, chemical equivalency, integral and integration, spin-spin-splitting in NMR spectrum, coupling constant, 1H NMR determination, application of NMR spectrum. 13C NMR carbon signals, 13C NMR position of signals, 13C NMR chemical shift, 13C NMR proton-decoupling, 13C NMR dept-45, dept-90 and dept-135, 3D NMR.

Mass Spectroscopy (4 hrs):

• MS spectrometry: Principle of MS, ionization techniques, instrumentation, concept of MS, easily recognized elements, fragmentation patterns in different chemical molecules, GC-MS, LC-MS, application.

Structural Elucidation (3 hrs):

• Definition, data interpretation, problems to solve.

Tutorials (45 hrs):

Topics for consideration are:

• Application on NMR data interpretation
• Application on MS data prediction
• Structural elucidation to known and unknown compounds using all spectroscopical data available

List of Readings:

• Introduction to spectroscopy Donald L Pavia, Gary M Lampman, George S Kriz and James R. Vyvyan (eds.), 4th edition, BROOKs/ COLE, Cengage Learning, Washington DC, 2009.
• Pharmaceutical Analysis, Textbook for pharmacy students and pharmaceutical chemists, David G Watson (ed.), 3rd edition, Elsevier, 2012.
• Practical pharmaceutical chemistry, Part II, Beckett and Stenlake (eds.), CBS publishers and distributors.

 

 

 

 

Course Name: Pharmaceutical Analysis V

Course Code: PH424

Intended semester: Semester (8)

Allocated hours: 3 credit hr 3(2+1)

Course Description:

The course is intended to provide the student with the principles, limitations and applications of major methods of analysis; the interpretation between quality assurance, GMP and quality control; the role of QC in governmental labs and industry; application of general statistical methods in drug analysis; sources of impurities; drug stability and separation of mixtures.

Contact hours:

Lectures                               30 hrs

Practical and tutorials          45 hrs

Total                                     75 contact hrs

Course Objectives:

By the end of this course, student will be able to:

• Develop and validate statistically the methods of analysis
• Identify the impurities and degradation products.
• Monitor the reaction kinetics of drug degradation
• Determine the pKa and partition coefficient of drugs

Course content:

Lectures:

Requirements for method of analysis (2 hrs).

Types of Errors in Pharmaceutical analysis (2 hrs).

Terminology in method validation (ICH guidelines). (2 hrs).

• Accuracy, precision, repeatability, reproducibility, robustness…, etc.

Application of simple statistics in pharmaceutical analysis(2 hrs):

• Mean; median; range; SD; RSD; Q-test; Grubb’s test; Confidence interval; comparison of results; regression analysis.

Sources of impurities (2 hrs):

• Identification and quantification of biological and chemical impurities; factors involved in chemical instability; prevention of chemical instability.

QA, QC, GMP (4 hrs):

• Inter-relation, role of QC in industry and government.

Separation of mixtures (liquid-liquid partitioning) (1 hr):

• Separation using organic solvents, separatory funnel, structures and knowledge of pH and pKa of drugs.

Practical and Tutorials (45 hrs):

Topics to consider are:

• Quantitative analysis using UV/VIS spectrophotometry:
• Analysis of paracetamol tablets 500mg BP.
• Analysis of Chloramphenicol capsules 250mg BP.
• Analysis of Chlorpheniramine maleate injection 2mg/2ml BP.
• Analysis of Sodium chloride0.9% and Dextrose 5% IV infusion BP.
• Analysis of Tetracycline 3% ointment BP.
• Analysis of Chloramphenicol 0.05% eye drops BP.
• Simultaneous determination of a mixture of compounds using UV.

Reading List:

• Practical pharmaceutical chemistry, Part II, Beckett and Stenlake (eds.), CBS publishers and distributors.
• Modern analytical Chemistry, David and Alexender (ed.), The McGraw-Hill Companies.

 

 

Pharmacognosy

Course Name: Pharmacognosy I

Course Code: PH213

 Intended semester: semester 3.

Allocated Hours: 3(2+1)

Course Description:

The course indented to introduce to students the origin of drugs in pharmacy, as well as to emphasize the role of natural drugs on modern pharmacy.

Contact hours:

Lectures                               30 hrs

Practical and tutorials          45 hrs

Total                                     75 contact hrs

 

Course Objectives:

• At the end of this course, students will:
• Grasp the concepts on the past and present role of natural products in pharmacy
• Be familiar with different sources of natural drugs.
• Be able to describe the botanical source, cultivation, collection, preparation, constituents and uses of natural drugs.
• Develop knowledge about the role of medicinal plants in pharmacy with special emphasis on the current status of herbal medicine in health care.
• Be able to understane the principles of authentication of medicinal plants as a source of drugs.

Course content:

Introduction to Pharmacognosy:

• Definition, development through centuries (Ayurveda, Chinese herbal medicine…), main groups of primary and secondary metabolites.

Source of natural drugs:

• Biological source, cell structure, factors affecting collection and drying…

Evaluation of natural drugs:

• Macroscopical and microscopical evaluation, chemical method …
• The quality control of herbal medicinal plants.

• Plant Cell contents.
• Adulteration and evaluation
• Pharmacologically active natural products
• Plants in complementary medicine (CAM).
• The basic way in which plants are useful to modern medicine.

List of Readings:

• A textbook of Pharmacognosy, TE Wallis.

 

 

Course Name: Pharmacognosy II

Course Code: PH223

 Intended semester: semester 4

Allocated Hours: 3(2+1)

Course Description:

The course indented to introduce to students the origin of drugs in pharmacy, as well as to emphasize the role of natural drugs on modern pharmacy.

Contact hours:

Lectures                               30 hrs

Practical and tutorials          45 hrs

Total                                     75 contact hrs

 

Course Objectives:

• At the end of this course, students will:
• Be able to describe the botanical source, cultivation, collection, preparation, constituents and uses of natural drugs.
• Develop knowledge about the role of medicinal plants in pharmacy with special emphasis on the current status of herbal medicine in health care.
• Be able to understand the principles of authentication of medicinal plants as a source of drugs.

Course Content:

• Organized drugs
• Unorganized drugs.

List of Readings:

A textbook of Pharmacognosy, TE Wallis.

 

Course Name: Pharmacognosy  III

Course Code: PH 313

Allocated Hours: 3(2+1)

Intended Semester: Semester V

Pre-requisite course:

• Pharmaceutical Botany.
• PharmacognosyI and II.
• Pharmaceutical organic chemistry.
• Biochemistry I and II.

Course Description:

The course deals with the various aspects of natural drugs chemistry and Phytochemistry.

Course Objectives:

At the end of this course; students will:

• Able to describe and perform extraction, isolation of drugs from natural source.
• Able to determine chemical and physiochemical data of natural drugs.
• Able to use chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques on elucidation and characterization of natural drugs.
• Be familiar with production of volatile oils and their physiochemical data.
• Able to describe the biosynthesis of different classes of natural products.

 Course Contact:

Lectures                                     30 hrs.

Practical and Tutorials               45 hrs.

Total                                           75 hrs.

Course content:

Biosynthesis, extraction methods and Chromatography

• Biosynthesis routs of secondary metabolites.
• Extraction methods.
• Introduction to chromatography.
• Thin layer chromatography
• Paper chromatography
• Column chromatography
• Gas chromatography
• Molecular sieving chromatography
• HPLC
• Ion exchange chromatography
• Electrophoresis
• Application of chromatography.

List of Readings:

• Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry of medicinal plants; A Cave.
• Pharmacognosy, Trease and Evans.
• Principles of instrumental analysis; AS Douglas et al
• Chromatographic methods, R Stock and CBF Rice
• Pharmacognosy; Tyler et al.
• Secondary plant metabolism; Vicker and Vickevan
• Pharmacognosy and pharmaco-biotechnology; Robers, Speedue and Tyler.

 

 

Course Name: Pharmacognosy IV

Course Code: PH 313

Intended Semester: Semester VI

Allocated Hours: 3(2+1)

Course Description:

The course discusses various aspects of natural drugs chemistry and Phytochemistry.

Course Objectives:

At the end of this course; students will:

1. Able to determine chemical and physiochemical data of natural drugs.
2. Be familiar with different methods of preparation of volatile oils and their physiochemical data.

Course Contact:

Lectures                                     30 hrs.

Practical and Tutorials               45 hrs.

Course Content:

Introduction to Phytochemistry

• Compounds of primary metabolisms: carbohydrates.
• The volatile oils, resins and terpenoids.

Introduction and methods of preparation

• Hydrocarbons in volatile oils
• Miscellaneous terpenoids
• Alcohols in volatile oils
• Phenols and phenolic ethers
• Aldehydes
• Esters, oxides and peroxides
• Organo nitrogen and sulfur compounds
• Resins and resin combinations
• Biosynthesis of volatile oils.

List of Readings:

• Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry of medicinal plants; A Cave.
• Pharmacognosy, Trease and Evans.
• Principles of instrumental analysis; AS Douglas et al
• Chromatographic methods, R Stock and CBF Rice
• Pharmacognosy; Tyler et al.
• Secondary plant metabolism; Vicker and Vickevan
• Pharmacognosy and pharmaco-biotechnology; Robers, Speedue and Tyler.

 

 

Course Name: Pharmacognosy V

Course Code: PH413

Intended Semester: Semester VII

Allocated Hours: 3(2+1)

Course Description:

The course deals with the various chemical and phytochemical aspects related to Glycosides.

Course Contact:

Lectures                                     30 hrs.

Practical and Tutorials               45 hrs.

Total                                           75 hrs

Course Objectives:

At the end of this course; students will:

1. Able to determine chemical and physiochemical data of glycosides.
2. Able to describe the biosynthesis of different classes of glycosides.

Course Content:

Glycosides:

• General introduction
• Tannins and simple phenolic glycosides.
• Anthracene glycosides
• Flavonoid glycosides
• Coumarins
• Cyanogenic glycosides and glucosinolates
• Cardiac glycosides
• Saponin glycosides
• Other types of glycosides
• Biosynthesis of glycosides

List of Readings:

• Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry of medicinal plants; A Cave.
• Pharmacognosy, Trease and Evans.
• Principles of instrumental analysis; AS Douglas et al
• Chromatographic methods, R Stock and CBF Rice
• Pharmacognosy; Tyler et al.
• Secondary plant metabolism; Vicker and Vickevan
• Pharmacognosy and pharmaco-biotechnology; Robers, Speedue and Tyler.

Course Title: Pharmacognosy VI

Course Code: PH423

Allocated Hours: 3(2+1)

Course Duration: One semester

Intended Semester: Semester VIII

Course Description:

The course deals with the various chemical and phytochemical aspects related to alkaloids.

Course Contact:

Lectures                                     30 hrs.

Practical and Tutorials               45 hrs.

Total                                           75 hrs

Course Objectives:

At the end of this course; students will:

1. Able to determine chemical and physiochemical data of alkaloids
2. Able to describe the biosynthesis of different classes of alkaloids.

Course Content:

Alkaloids:

• Introduction and extraction methods.
• Alkaloids of phenyl alkyl group.
• Pyridine group.
• Tropane group.
• Quinolone group.
• Isoquinolin group.
• Indole group.
• Carbolin group.
• Imidazole and purine groups.
• Steroidal and diterpenoid alkaloids.
• Biosynthesis of alkaloids.

List of Readings:

• Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry of medicinal plants; A Cave.
• Pharmacognosy, Trease and Evans.
• Principles of instrumental analysis; AS Douglas et al
• Chromatographic methods, R Stock and CBF Rice
• Pharmacognosy; Tyler et al.
• Secondary plant metabolism; Vicker and Vickevan
• Pharmacognosy and pharmaco-biotechnology; Robers, Speedue and Tyler.

 

Course Name: Pharmacognosy VII

Course Code: PH423

Intended Semester: Semester IX

Allocated Hours: 3(2+1)

Course Description:

The course deals with the analysis of medicinal plants in addition to the biosynthesis and structural elucidation of secondary metabolites as well as the isolation of marine natural drugs..

Course Contact:

Lectures                                     30 hrs.

Practical and Tutorials               45 hrs.

Total                                           75 hrs

Course Objectives:

At the end of this course; students will:

1. Able to analyze medicinal plants.
2. Be familiar with the biosynthetic pathways and structural elucidation of secondary metabolites.
3. Be knowledgeable about marine natural products.

Course Content:

Methodology for analysis of medicinal plant:

• Macroscopic, microscopic and histochemical examinations.
• General phytochemical screening.
• Qualitative chemical determination of extracts constituents.

Assessments of vegetable drugs:

• Determination of foreign matters.
• Preliminary quantitative determination of active ingredients.
• Chemotaxonomy.

Structural determination of secondary metabolites

• Use of UV, IR, NMR and MS-spectroscopy in structure elucidation of natural products.

Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites:

• Stereochemistry and biosynthesis.
• Some reaction of general importance in secondary metabolites.
• Techniques for biosynthesis.
• Secondary metabolites and their biosynthesis, case study.

Isolation of marine natural products:

• General isolation of marine natural products.
• Collection and isolation of marine organisms.

List of Readings:

• Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry of medicinal plants; A Cave.
• Pharmacognosy, Trease and Evans.
• Principles of instrumental analysis; AS Douglas et al
• Chromatographic methods, R Stock and CBF Rice
• Pharmacognosy; Tyler et al.
• Secondary plant metabolism; Vicker and Vickevan
• Pharmacognosy and pharmaco-biotechnology; Robers, Speedue and Tyler.

 

 

Course Title: Pharmacognosy VIII

Course Code: PH423

Allocated Hours: 3(2+1)

Intended Semester: Semester X

Course Description:

The course deals with the analysis of medicinal plants in addition to the biosynthesis and structural elucidation of secondary metabolites as well as the isolation of marine natural drugs..

Course Contact:

Lectures                                     30 hrs.

Practical and Tutorials               45 hrs.

Total                                           75 hrs

Course Objectives:

At the end of this course; students will:

• Be able to appreciate the contribution of herbs and herbal products to health and nutrition.
• Recognize the different traditional medicine systems.
• Be knowledgeable about the advances in field of nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals.

Course Content:

Phytotherapy and health:

• Ethno pharmacology
• Herbal medicine in Europe and USA
• Homoeopathy
• Aromatherapy
• Asian, Chinese, African and Sudanese herbal medicine
• Methodology of analysis and assessment of vegetable drugs.

Phytotherapy and nutrition, cosmetics

• Herbs and health food.
• Modern nutrition.
• Nutraceuticals.
• Preparation of herbs for cosmeceuticals.
• Preparation of herbs for cosmetic use.
• Herbal perfumes and incense
• Herbal beauty secrets.
• Herbal cosmetic
• Production and research in the field of nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals.
• Dosage and dosage forms in herbal medicine
• Therapeutic Pharmacognosy
• Chemoprevention using phytochemicals
• Toxicological Pharmacognosy
• Food-drug interactions, herb-drug interaction

List of readings:

• Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry of medicinal plants; A Cave.
• Pharmacognosy, Trease and Evans.
• Principles of instrumental analysis; AS Douglas et al
• Chromatographic methods, R Stock and CBF Rice
• Pharmacognosy; Tyler et al.
• Secondary plant metabolism; Vicker and Vickevan
• Pharmacognosy and pharmaco-biotechnology; Robers, Speedue and Tyler.

 

Pharmacy Practice

Course Name: Pharmacy Practice I

Course Code: PH225

Intended semester: Semester (3)

Allocated hours: 3 credit hrs 2(2+0)

Course Description:

Pharmacy Practice in the second year aims at providing students with basic knowledge in  pharmacy practice which involves communication skills in addition to health care and nutrition. It also introduces the pharmacy student to various aspects of pharmacy as a practice with special emphasis on professional ethics and main departments as far as pharmacy practice is concerned.

Course Contacts:

Lectures                                              30 hrs

Tutorials and library assignments       45 hrs

Total                                                    75 hrs

Course Objectives:

By completion of the course, the student should be able to:

• Define communication and explain the goals.
• Understand and describe the basics of communication
• Define the fidelity of communication and factors affecting it.
• Know and describe the types of communication
• Know and explain the pharmacist-patient communication process
• Define food and identify different nutrients
• Describe sources of different nutrients
• Explain the functions different nutrients
• Describe effects of deficiencies or excessiveness of these nutrients in the body.
• Explain the effect of nutrition on physiological processes.
• Identify drug-nutrient interactions
• Identify different diseases caused by deficiencies or excess of nutrients.

 

 

Course content:

Lectures

Communication skills (20 hrs)

• Introduction
• Definition and goals
• Basics of communication, Process models, Types, Fidelity, Skills, Listening and meaning and communication.
• Non-verbal communication
• Functions and types
• Pharmacist patient communication and interview:
• Effective interview for components and essential skills, Counseling, Pharmacist as a patient helper.

Healthcare and Nutrition (10 hrs)

• Food and nutrients.
• Source, absorption, functions, deficiencies and excessive use of the following:
• Carbohydrates, Protein, Fats, Minerals, Vitamins, Fiber and water.
• National nutrition policy and dietary goals.
• Nutrition in Pregnancy.
• Changes in pregnancy and their effect on dietary needs, Lactation
• Infant feeding and management.
• Functional, social and psychological changes and dietary requirements for the elderly
• Nutrient – drug interactions.
• Food allergies and food intolerance.
• Obesity and nutritional anaemia, Food and cancer, Food as association protective and cause of cancer, Coronary heart disease and dietary factors, Diabetes and dietary management.

List of Readings:

• Communication Skills for Pharmacist: Building Relationships, Improving Patient care, Bruce A Berger (ed.), 3rd edition,American Pharmacists Association, 2009.
• Nutritionl Handbook for Pharmacists, Clements, Frederick W & Rogers, Josephine F (eds.), Pharmaceutical Society, Australia.
• Handbook of Pharmacy Health Education, Robin J. Harman (ed.), 2nd edition, Pharmaceutical Press, London.

 

Course Name: Pharmacy Practice II

Course Code: PH315

Intended semester: Semester (5)

Allocated hours: 3 credit hrs (2+1)

Course Description:

The course is intended to provide pharmacy students with the basic concepts, theories and skills related to Pharmacy management, and other practical issues related to management. In addition, the course is proposed to familiarize students with the needed computer knowledge and skills for proper application in different fields of pharmacy.

Course contacts:

Lectures                                                           30hrs

Tutorials, Visits and library assignments        45 hrs

Total                                                                75 hrs

Course Objectives:  

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

• Explain and understand the meaning of management.
• Understand and analyze the management functions of panning, organizing, leading and control
• Relate the management function to real life working environment.
• Use a computer for storing, processing, retrieving, sending data and information.
• Apply the knowledge acquired to computerize various aspects of pharmacy to make them economical and efficient e.g. patient record storage, drug stock taking etc.
• Apply their computer knowledge to update themselves with the advances of pharmaceutical sciences.
• Use computer knowledge to write scientific reports.
• Select software appropriate for a given assignment.

Course Contents:

Lectures (30 hrs)

Pharmacy Management (14 hrs):

Introduction.

Overview of Management functions:

• Planning, general principles, planning for procurement, the procurement cycle, procurement methods and terms, locating and selecting suppliers, financing drug supplies

Organization:

• General principles, organizing drug distribution, the distribution cycle, inventory control, importation and port clearing, design and operation of storage facilities, delivery strategies.
• Leadership and control
• General principles, organizing drug supply, systematic cost reduction, Security systems.
• Managing change and control

Computer applications in Pharmacy (16 hrs): 

• Network Communications:
• E-mail, Internet and Medline.
• Graphics Software:
• Computer-Aided Design (CAD), Chem-Window, Draw-Perfect, PLT, Harvard Graphics, Access and Excel.

Professional Considerations:

• Therapeutic Drug Monitoring & Pharmacokinetic, Simulations, Drug Interaction screening, Adverse Drug Reactions Detection and Prevention, Nutritional Support Services & Medical Decision Support, Drug Information retrieval and storage, Drug Use Review, Computerized Prescription dispensing, Patient Drug Usage Information, Controlled substance reports, Sales and usage reports, Accounting and Ledger, Price updating .

 

 

Tutorials, site visits and library assignments (45 hrs)

1-Some topics in the course contents will be considered for further elaboration by means of:

2-Tutorials (for different components related to computer applications in pharmacy)

3- Site visits (for different components related to Pharmacy management course (General Medical Supplies Fund, Directorate of Pharmacy, National Medicines and Poison Board …etc.)

4- Library assignments (for components of both courses).

 

 

List of Readings:

• Management, James AF Stonner and Charles Winketi (eds.), Prentice Hall International Editions.
• Management, Koontz H and Wehrich H (eds.), McGraw Hill.
• Managing drug supply. The selection, procurement distribution and use of pharmaceutical in primary health care, Ouick JD, Hume ML, O’Connor RW (eds.), Management Sciences for Health, Massachusetts.

 

 

Course Name: Pharmacy Practice III

Course Code: PH325

Intended semester: Semester (6)

Allocated hours: 2 credit hrs 2(2+0)

Course Description:

The course provides students with the essential knowledge of laws and ethics related to the Pharmacy profession. It also affords students with the skills and knowledge on the legal aspects of handling and administering drugs.

Course Contacts:

Lectures                                   30 hrs

Course Objectives:

At the end of this course students should be able to:

• Be familiar with the Sudanese pharmacy law.
• Define and explain laws governing control of narcotics and psychotropic drugs.
• Describe and explain sources and disappearance of laws.
• Identify and define drug abuse.
• Describe and classify the major drugs or compounds of abuse.
• Acquire skills and knowledge on how to prevent and control drug abuse.
• Define ethics professional ethics and explain the principles of ethics
• Differentiate ethics from law
• Define professional negligence and describe its effect during practice
• Define discipline and authority
• Define and describe the role of the pharmaceutical society to the professionals.

Course Content:

Lectures:

Forensic Pharmacy and Drug Abuse (20 hrs):

• Definition
• Law constitution, Statute and act, Ordinance, Curts and felony, Treaty and convention
• Sudanese Pharmaceutical and Poisons Act (the most recent)
• Control of Narcotic Drugs
• The convention on psychotropic substances (Vienna convention 1971).
• The drugs and prevention of illicit traffic in Drugs (Its aims).
• Definition and classification of the major psychoactive substances.
• Tobacco and alcohol – effects/common complications.
• The Pharmacist and control of psychoactive substances.
• Preventive education against substance abuse (Demand reduction).
• Opiates, cocaine and cannabis.

Pharmacy Ethics and Professionalism (10 hrs)

• Ethics and professional ethic definitions.
• Ethical principles and their delegations applied to all Pharmaceuticals.
• Comparison between professional ethics and law.
• what is a profession – discussed and defined.
• Specific objectives of Pharmacy Ethics.
• Pharmacists’ liability to torts.
• Discipline and authority.
• Personal relationship.
• Social skills hallmarks of a Pharmacy profession.

 

List of Readings

·         Dale and Appelbe’s Pharmacy Law and Ethics, Gordon E. Appelbe and Joy Wingfield (eds.), 8th edn., The Pharmaceutical Press, London.

• Sudanese Pharmacy and Poisons Act 2009.

 

 

Course Name: Pharmacy Practice IV

Course Code: HR415

Allocated hours: 2 credit hrs (2+0)

Intended semester: Semester (7)

Course Description:

The course is intended to provide students with the essential knowledge and skills on hospital pharmacy, community pharmacy and the concepts of clinical pharmacy and pharmaceutical care. It introduces the student to the practice of clinical pharmacy. The course also provides an introduction to public health concepts and practice by examining the philosophy, purpose, history, organization, functions, tools, activities and results of public health practice.

Course Contacts:

Lectures                                 30 hrs

Course Objectives:

By successful completion of the course, student should be able to:

• Describe the organization and structure of hospital pharmacy.
• Describe drug store management and drug information services in a hospital setting.
• Describe the activities of hospital pharmacists.
• Describe and define community Pharmacy.
• Describe the factors that should be considered for location selection of a Community Pharmacy.

• Describe the legal requirements of establishment of a community pharmacy.

• Explain the difference between business and professional services.
• Describe the activities carried out by a community pharmacy.
• Define and describe the social aspects of pharmacy.

Course Content:

Lectures:

Hospital Pharmacy, Community Pharmacy and Clinical pharmacy (30 hrs)

Hospital Pharmacy (10 hrs)

• Organization and structure of hospitals and hospital pharmacy

• Hospital formulary: contents, preparation and revision of hospital formulary.
• Drug store management and drug distribution system in hospitals.
• Drug information services.
• Activities of hospital pharmacists.

Community Pharmacy (10 hrs)

• Organization and structure of community pharmacy.
• Legal requirements of establishment of a community pharmacy.
• Distinguishing characteristics of a community pharmacy.
• Selection of the location of community pharmacy.
• Factors affecting the choice of site for a single unit independent owned pharmacy.
• Activities of community pharmacists.
• Commercial business versus professional service.
• Social Pharmacy.

Clinical Pharmacy (10 hrs)

• Introduction to clinical pharmacy and pharmaceutical care.

• Development and scope of clinical pharmacy.
• Concept of health care team.
• Role of clinical pharmacists as a member of health care team and important functions.
• Pharmacist as a pharmaceutical care provider.

Public health (15 hrs)

• Definition of health.
• Definition of public health.
• Principles of public health:
• The epidemiological triangle.
• Levels of prevention.
• Passive and active approaches.
• Multiple programme targets.
• Effective strategies.
• Indicators of health.
• The right of health and health for all.
• Health care services in urban and rural communities.
• Concept of primary health care:
• Levels of health care.
• Principles of primary health care.
• Elements of primary health care.
• Communicable and non-communicable diseases.
• The role of the pharmacist in public health.
• Mass treatment and vaccination services: Specific examples of mass treatment (Schistosomiasisetc.).

 

List of Readings

• Community Pharmacy: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment, Paul Rutter (ed.), 3rd edition, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.
• Community Pharmacy Handbook, Waterfield J (ed.), Pharmaceutical Press.
• Pharmacy practice: social and behavioral aspects, Albert I Wertheimer and Mickey C Smith (eds.), 2nd edition, Baltimore: University Park Press.
• Hospital pharmacy by William E Hassan, Henry Kimpton Publisher, London 2012.
• Pharmaceutical Practice. Edited by A. J. Winfield & R. M. E. Richards, 2012.
• Public Health: What It Is and How It Works, 2nd Edition (BJ Turnock, Aspen Publishing, 2010)

Introduction to Public Health in Pharmacy. Levin BL, Hurd PD, Hanson A. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2008.

 

Course Name: Pharmacy Practice V

Course Code: PH425

Intended semester: Semester (8)

Allocated hours: 2 credit hrs (2+0)

Course Description:

At this level, the course is intended to teach the student various aspects of pharmacy practice most of which involve the student to make correct and independent decisions when filling prescriptions, nature and availability of non-prescription products. Students are also taught to assess patients and decide, on condition(s), which need referral to physicians. The pharmacy practice course also involves teaching students aspects of patient record systems, prescription medicines returns, family planning and the need, source, evaluation and dissemination of drug information.

Course Contacts:

Lectures                                              30 hrs

Course Objectives:

By the end of the course, students should be able to:

• Distinguish and describe the POM and OTC.
• Explain the legal aspects of operating both POM and OTC.
• Determine specific symptoms amenable to self-medication.
• Give advice to the patient and other medical personnel.
• Refer patients to physicians
• Keep patients records.
• Explain why and how patients’ record systems are used.
• Explain regulations prohibiting the return of medication by patients
• Describe/explain the policy of prescription medicine return
• Explain the need and the source of drug information
• Evaluate and disseminate drug information accordingly.

• Identify poison control countries

 

Course Content:

Lectures:

Prescription and Over the Counter Medicines (20 hrs)

• Introduction
• Prescribing only medicines (POM) vs OTC
• Good pharmaceutical practice
• Legal aspects of OTC
• In home testing and monitoring products
• Menstrual abnormalities:
• Menstruation, Menstrual abnormalities and related products, Feminine clearing products and sanitary napkins and products.
• Weight control products:
• Clinical consideration, Artificial sweeteners diet and low calorie food and group therapy.
• Contact lenses and lens-care products
• Oral health products:
• Anatomy and Physiology, Dental caries and periodontal and related disease, Common oral lesions products.
• Personal care products:
• Antiperspirants skin bleaching products, Depilatories, Medicated and non-medicated shampoos
• Acne Products:
• Etiology, Classification and treatment.
• Dermatological products
• Dermatitis, Psoriasis and related conditions, Treatment and product selection.
• Nappy rush and prickly heat products
• Burn and sunburn products
• Categorisation of burns injuries, the rule of nine and treatment.
• Sunscreen and suntan products
• Antidiarrhoeas and laxatives
• Cold and cough products
• Antiemetics
• Asthma products
• Anthelmintics
• Antacids
• Diabetic care products:
• Diabetes information sources, Sugar free preparations by therapeutic categories, Insulin preparation product selection, Insulin syringes and related products, Urine/blood glucose/ketone test kits
• Veterinary Products

Patients’ Records System, Medicines Return and Drug Information (10 hrs)

• Definition and nature of pharmacy patient’s records
• Information that may be recorded
• Advantages for the patients.
• Systems of patient medicine returns
• Medicine returns definition
• Policies of returning prescription medications-Wholesaler or manufacturer notification of return.
• Return procedure.
• Policies of returning prescription medications to a pharmacy by patient.
• Drug Information.
• Need for drug information, Resources of drug information, Evaluation of literature, Dissemination of information.
• Poison control countries.

List of Readings

The Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drug Guide for seniors, Seymour Ehrenpreis, McGraw-Hill, 2003.

Reader’s Digest Guide to Over the Counter Drugs, Reader’s Digest Association, 2002.

Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs: An interactive approach to selfcare, Krinsky DL, Ferreri SP, Hemstreet B, et al., (eds.), 18th edition, American Pharmacists Association (APhA), 2014.

Drug Information Handbook, Lexi-Comp, US, 24th edition, 2015.

A Practical Guide to Contemporary Pharmacy Practice, Judith E Thompson and Lawrence W Davidow (eds.), 3rd edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

  

Course Name: Pharmacy Practice VI

Course Code: PH515

Intended semester: Semester (9)

Allocated hours: 3(2+1)

Course Description

The course emphasizes the basic principles of pharmacoepidemiology to enable students exploringand assessing vital epidemiological topics and trends regarding health care delivery. In addition, this course introduces the candidates to pharmacovogilance and the need for its implementations. Furthermore, the course provides students with understanding of the issues surrounding the essential drugs concept and rational drug use.

Course Contacts:

Lectures                                              30 hrs

Tutorials and library assignments       45 hrs

Total                                                     75 hrs

Course Objectives:

Upon completion of the course, the student is expected to be familiar with:

• The concept of pharmacoepidemiology and its applications.
• Various types of pharmacoepidemiological methods (surveys)
• Methods of data collection and study design
• The concept of clinical trials, their limitations and ethical considerations.
• The concept of pharmacovigilance and its procedure.
• The principles of essential drug concept and objectives of the essential drug programme
• Factors that stimulated development of the essential drug concept.
• Criteria used for drugs’ selection
• The reasons why there is a need for a national drug policy
• The objectives of a national drug policy
• Constraints in policy implementation
• The measures that ensure quality at the time of procurement.
• The problems of donated supplies and possible solutions.
• The indications of an effective distribution system
• The responsibility of the pharmaceutical services in the supply of drugs.
• The problems of maintaining quality after dispensing and issuing drugs to the patient.
• The principles of the kit and indenting systems
• How to handle drug supply during disaster and epidemics.

Course Content

Lectures:

Pharmacoepideiology (16 hrs)

• The scope of pharmacoepidemiology.
• Basic measurements in pharmacoepidemiology.
• The study population.
• sampling methods.
• The variables.
• Methods of collecting data.
• Methods of pharmacoepidemiology.
• Data processing and coding.
• Data Analysis and Interpretation of the findings.
• Drug utilization review (DUR).
• Writing a scientific report.

Pharmacovigilance (8 hrs)

• Introduction to pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) reporting
• WHO program for international monitoring
• ADRs coding system and electronic data basis.
• Analysis of ADRs reports and action taking.
• Risk management.
• Role of pharmacist
• Pharmacovigilance in Sudan

Essential Drug Concept and National Drug policy (6 hrs)

• Introduction.
• Concept of Essential Drugs.
• Need and objectives for a formulated drug policy.
• Elements of national drug policy.
• Drug supply and management system.
• Drug activities.
• Prescribing practice.
• Effective dispensing.
• Patient education in effective drug use.
• Co-operation between pharmacist’s doctors, nurses and other health care professionals.
• Kit and indenting system.

 

Tutorials and Library assignments: (45 hrs)

Some topics in the course contents will be consider for further elaboration by means of tutorials and assignments.

List of Readings

• Textbook of Pharmacoepidemiology, Brian L Strom, Stephen E Kimmel and Sean Hennessy(eds.), 2nd edition, Wiley-Blackwell, 2013).
• Pharmacovigilance, Ronald D Mann and Elizabeth B Andrews (eds.), Wiley, 2nd edition, 2007.
• Drug Safety Data: How to Analyze, Summarize, and Interpret to Determine Risk, Michael J Klepper and Barton Cobert (eds.), 1st edition, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2010.

• Standard Treatment Guideline (STG), The National Essential Drug list for Sudan.
• Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Bertram G Katzung and Susan B Masters (eds.), 12th edition, McGraw-Hill Medical, 2012.

 

Course Name: Pharmacy Practice VII

Course Code: PH525

Intended semester: Semester 10

Allocated hours: 3(2+1)

Intended semester: Semester 10

Course Description

The course is designed in a way to equip pharmacy students with the skills and knowledge on two main aspects, clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical care applications in emergency. In the former, different fields of clinical applications of pharmacokinetics and the associated mathematical expression thereof will be covered whereas in the later, the concept of pharmaceutical care and its applications in practice, especially in emergency situations will be focused on.

Course Contacts:

Lectures                                 30 hrs

Field practical                                    45 hrs

Total                                       75 contact hrs

Objectives:

At the end of this course students should be able to:

• Understand the need for dose individualization of and TDM of some drugs.
• Apply the knowledge acquired to design a dosage regimen.
• Apply their knowledge to update themselves with the advances of pharmacokinetics applications in different aspects at different levels.
• Understand the role of pharmacist in health care settings.
• Understand the concept of clinical pharmacy practice.

• Provide the best possible first aid pharmaceutical care for those who stricken by injury or sudden illness.

Course Content:

Lectures

Clinical Pharmacokinetics (16 hrs)

• Individualization of drug dosage regimen
• Drugs subjected to individualization, the need for individualization of some drugs.
• Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)
• The therapeutic range and inter-patient variability, Selection of the drug, Design of dosage regimen, Evaluation of patient response, Pharmacokinetic evaluation of drug concentrations, Readjustment of dosage regimen (if necessary), Monitoring serum drug concentrations and Recommendation of special requirements.
• Application of clinical pharmacokinetics:
• Determination of dose, Determination of dose administration frequency, Determination of both dose and dose interval, Dosing of drugs in infants and children, Dosing of drugs in elderly, Dosing of drugs in obese, Determination of kinetics of drug interactions, Adjustment upon change from route to route.

Pharmaceutical care and its applications in emergency situations (14 hrs)

• Introduction to pharmaceutical care.

• General rules applied to the situation where first aid is required.
• Diagnostic and vital signs.
• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
• Cardiac arrest.
• Respiratory arrest.

• Choking and Shock.

• Bleeding and hemorrhage.
• Wounds and burns.
• Heat cramp, heat exhaustion and heat stroke.
• Fracture, sprain and strain.
• Poisonous bites and stings.
• Management of poisoning and antidotes.
• Drug interactions and adverse drug reactions.

Field Practical: WARD ROUNDS (45 hours)

Aim: To familiarize student with actual presentation of disease conditions

Objectives: At the end of the session the students should be able to:

• Describe symptoms of different disease conditions.
• Explain diagnostic processes of diseases.
• Explain management of diseases
• Describe different expressions of side effects of drugs.

Course content:

• Ward major rounds
• Medical laboratory rounds

 

Method of Teaching:

• Students shall attend the major ward rounds and visit different departments accompanied by a member of staff.

List of Readings:

• Clinical Pharmacokinetics, John E. Murphy (ed.), 5th edition, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 2011.
• Basic Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Michael E Winter (ed.), 5th edition, Lippincott-Raven, 2010.
• Health Outcomes and Pharmaceutical Care: Measurement, Applications, and Initiatives, Alan Escovitz and Dev S. Pathak (eds.), 1st edition, CRS Press, 1996.
• The Pharmacist in Public Health: Education, Applications, and Opportunities, Hoai-An Truong, James L. Bresette and Jill A. Sellers (eds.), 1st edition, American Pharmacists Association, 2010.

 

Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Course Name: Pharmaceutical Microbiology I

Course Code: PH 316

Intended semester: semester (5)

Allocated Hours: 3(2+1)

Pre-requisite Courses:

• Biology

Course Description

The course describes morphology and physiology of various microbial cells. In addition, this course introduces the candidates to the different microorganism-environment relationship as well as different type of culture media. Furthermore, the course provides students with the understanding of the various techniques for handling and visualizing various microorganisms

Course Contacts:

Lectures                                              30 hrs

Tutorials and library assignments       45 hrs

Total                                                     75 hrs

Objectives:

At the end of this course the student will be able to:

• Describe morphology and physiology of various microbial cells.
• Recognize the microorganism-environment relationship and know the different type of culture media.
• Carry out and describe techniques for handling and visualizing various microorganisms
• Describe the morphology and importance of some protozoa and helminthes.

Course content:

Introduction to microbiology.

Bacteriology:

• Structure and form of bacterial cell, abnormal forms of bacterial cell, the microscopic examination of bacteria, Bacterial reproduction and growth
• Factors affecting the growth of microorganisms
• Nutrition (principle of microbial nutrition, Physical conditions required for growth, Bacterial cultivation and culture media, Isolation of a pure culture, Metabolic activities of bacteria, Bacterial genetics
• Identification and Classification of bacteria.
• Infection and disease, Microbial pathogenicity, source of infection.

Means of transmission of infection:

• General properties of important bacteria (bacterial infection).
• Gram-positive cocci, Gram-negative cocci, Gram-positive bacilli, Gram -negative bacilli, Acid-fast bacteria, Spirochaetes, Actinomycetes, and
• Rickettsia, Coxiella and Chlamydia Mycoplasmas

 

Course Name: Pharmaceutical Microbiology II

Course Code: PH 326

Intended semester: semester (6)

Allocated Hours: 3(2+1)

Pre-requisite Courses:

• Biology

Course Description

The course equips the students with basic knowledge about the general properties and classification of the most important viruses, fungi, protozoa and helminthes. In addition, this course provides students with the understanding of the immune system regarding functions and different components.

Course Contacts:

Lectures                                              30 hrs

Tutorials and library assignments       45 hrs

Total                                                     75 hrs

Course content:

Virology:

• Comparison between viruses and bacteria.
• Classification of important viruses.
• General properties of important viruses (viral infections)
• Poliomyelitis, Mumps, Measles, Rubella, Rabies, Viral hepatitis, Influenza viruses, Yellow fever, Marburg and Ebola
• AIDS, Pox virus and Herpes virus infection.

 

Fungi (Mycology):

• Comparison between bacteria and fungi
• Classification of fungi, fungal diseases, superficial mycoses, subcutaneous mycoses (mycetoma), Systemic mycoses and Opportunistic fungal infection.

Protozoa:

• Classification of protozoa, Flagellates (Giardia, Trichomonas, Entamoebes, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Balantidium).

Helminthes:

• Nematodes (Round worms), (Filarial worms-Intestinal nematodes), Platyhelminthes (flat worms), Cestodes (tape worms)and  Trematodes (flukes)

Immunology:

• Function of immune system,  Non-specific defenses (innate immunity),  The adaptive immune response.
• Characters of antigens and Haptens, Antibodies,  Types of immunoglobulins, Humoral antigen-antibody reactions, Cell-mediated immunity,  Natural and acquired immunity, Tissue injury immunological, reaction(hypersensitivity), Autoimmunity, Immunodeficiency and Graft rejection.

 

Course Name : Pharmaceutical Microbiology (Applied) ) III and IV

Course Code: PH416, PH426

Attended Semester: Semesters7, 8

Allocated Hours: 3(2+1), 3(2+1)

Pre-requisite Courses:

• Biology
• General microbiology.

Course Description

The course provides the students with basic knowledge regarding various methods of sterilization as well causes and implications of microbial contamination of pharmaceutical products. In addition, this course introduces the candidates to the different chemical and physical agents used in the treatment of pathogenic microorganism as well as microbial resistance to drugs. Furthermore, the course provides students with the understanding of the basic principles and practices of disinfection and preservation.

Course Contacts:

Lectures                                              30 hrs

Tutorials and library assignments       45 hrs

Total                                                     75 hrs

Objectives:

• Describe various methods of sterilization, and explain mechanisms of these sterilization methods.
• Recognize the importance of GMP in sterile products
• Discuss the possible causes and implications of microbial contamination of pharmaceutical products
• Describe the chemical and physical agents used in the treatment of pathogenic microorganism, and explain problem and implication of microbial drug resistance
• Acquire the necessary knowledge on preparation and uses of immunological products
• Discuss the basic principles and practices of disinfection and preservation.

Course content:

Chemotherapy of microbial diseases:

• Introduction (historical back ground)
• Classification of antimicrobial according to mechanism of action.

 

B-Lactam antibiotics:

• Penicillin, Cephalosporins, Other B-Lactams (monobactams and carbapenems).

Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines, Macrolides, Lincosamides, Polmyxins, Rifamycins and Miscellaneous group (chloramphenicol, vancomycin, and bacitracin)

The synthetic antimicrobial agents:

• Sulphonamides, Quinolones, Urinary tract antiseptics (nalidixic acid, methenamine, nitrofurantoin), Dapsone, Clofazimine, Fusidic acid, Metronidazole and Trimethoprim
• Anti-tubercular agents: Ethambutol, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide,  p-amino salicylic acid(PAS)
• Capromycin, cycloserine, ethionamide.

Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents:        

• The genetic basis of acquired resistance, Biochemical mechanisms of resistance

Microbiological assay:

Measurement of antimicrobial activity:

• Diffusion methods, Dilution methods.
• Choice of antimicrobial agent, Multiple antibiotic therapy, Lack of therapeutic effectiveness.

Antifungal agents:

• Systemic antifungal drugs and topical antifungal therapy

Amphotericin B, Flucytosine, Griseoflulvin,  Terbinafine, Imidazoles and Nystatin.

Antiviral chemotherapy:

• Introduction.
• Agents to treat the following infections: HIV infection, Herpes virus infection, viral hepatitis and Influenza.

Antiprotozoal agent:

• Antimalarial agent, amoebic ides and trichomonacides, Trypanocides, Treatment of Leishmaniasis
• Anthelmintic

Immunological products:

• Vaccines, Immunosera, Immunoglobulin’s, Juvenile immunization schedule.

Sterilization:

• Sterile pharmaceutical products, Methods of sterilization, Sterilization control, Sterilization monitors (indicators), Sterility testing, Pyrogens and pyrogen testing, Microbial contamination of pharmaceutical preparations, Microbiological control of non-sterile pharmaceutical products

Chemical disinfection, antiseptics and preservatives

• Types of disinfectants
• Factors affecting the disinfection process, Phenol coefficient test, Preservatives, Evaluation of preservatives.

 

Course Name: Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Course Code: PH 516

Intended Semester: 10

Allocated Hours: 3(2+1)

Pre-requisite Courses:

Molecular Biology.

Microbiology.

Biochemistry.

Immunology.

Genetics.

Chemical engineering.

Cell biology.

Course Description

The course provides the students with basic knowledge regarding Human genome and how the expression of genes is regulated. In addition, this course introduces the candidates to the different techniques associated with genetic engineering of gene technology (including recombinant DNA technology), as well as cloning, gene therapy and antibiotics production. Furthermore, the course provides students with the understanding for the production of vaccines, protein and recombinant antibodies.

Course Contacts:

Lectures                                              30 hrs

Tutorials and library assignments       45 hrs

Total                                                     75 hrs

Objectives:

At the end of this course students should be able to:

• Apply the knowledge acquired to carry out simple cloning experiments.
• Appreciate the benefits of biotechnology in cancer therapy, vaccines production and production of antibodies.
• Understand the Ethics and regulation related to biotechnology.

• Provide the best possible first aid pharmaceutical care for those who stricken by injury or sudden illness.

 

Course content:

• History, Human genetic (evolution), Chromosome and DNA (including restriction enzymes)
• Regulation of gene expression.
• Introduction of genetic engineering of gene technology (including recombinant DNA technology)
• Cloning (including restriction enzymes), Restriction fragment polymorphisms, Chemical synthesis of gene and polymerase chain reaction, Gene therapy, Antibiotics production, Ethics and regulation of biotechnology, The potential risks and extent of clinical benefits of biotechnology, Cancer therapy
• Vaccines for infectious diseases.
• Protein and recombinant antibodies.

Practical:

• The practical intends to develop the basic skills needed to carry out simple, cloning experiments.
• This includes:
• The preparation of pure samples of DNA, Cutting DNA.
• Analysis of DNA fragments sizes.
• Joining DNA molecules together.
• Introduction of DNA into host cells.
• The identification of cells that contain recombinant DNA molecules.

List Reading :

• Biotechnology, third edition, by John E. Smith, publisher: Cambridge university press.
• Molecular biotechnology, third edition, by Jack J. Pasternak.

 

Pharmacology

Course Name: Pharmacology I

Course Code: PH317

Intended semester: Semester (5)

Allocated hours: 3 credit hrs 3(2+1)

Course Description:

Pharmacology I course is designed to introduce the general aspects of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic, in addition to provide satisfactory knowledge on pharmacological aspects of drugs acting on the autonomic nervous system as well as autacoids in clinical use.

Course Contacts:

Lectures                                                                      45 hrs

Practical, tutorials and seminars                                 45 hr

Total                                                                            90 contact hrs

Course Objectives:

At the end of the course students will:

• Recognize the concept of pharmacodynamic concerning drug-receptor interactions and signaling mechanisms, drug antagonisms, dose-response phenomena and the different types of adverse drug reactions (ADR).
• Understand the pharmacokinetic concept with special emphasis on the various factors affecting drugs actions such as route of drug administration, absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion.
• Gain basic knowledge on the autonomic nervous system including neurotransmission, receptors and the pharmacological principles of the therapeutic agents affecting the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
• Grasp the physiological and pathophysiological roles of autacoids, and to understand the pharmacological principles of drugs modifying their actions including antihistamines, anti-serotonins and NSAIDs.

Course Pre-requisites: 

• Course BS 126: Cell Biology
• Course MS 121: Gross Anatomy
• Courses MS 212 and MS 222: Biochemistry I and II
• Courses MS 213 and MS 223: Physiology I and II
• Course MS 314: Pathophysiology

Course Contents:

Lectures:

General principles of pharmacology (15 hrs):

Pharmacodynamics:

• Targets for drug action, Drug-receptor interaction (agonist, partial agonist, inverse agonist and antagonist), Dose response curves, Receptor families and receptor’s signaling mechanisms (Ion-channel linked receptors, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), Enzyme-linked receptors and Nuclear receptors), Types of drug antagonism (Chemical antagonism, Pharmacokinetic antagonism, Competitive antagonism, Non-competitive antagonism and Physiological antagonism), Variation in drug responsiveness (Tachyphylaxis and tolerance and Idiosyncratic drug response).

Pharmacokinetics:

• Drug absorption and bioavailability (Routes of drug administration, Transport of drugs across cellular barriers: Passive diffusion and pH partition concept, Active transport, Facilitated transport, Pinocytosis, Factors affecting drug absorption and bioavailability: Intestinal motility and gastric emptying rate, Blood flow to the GIT, Gastrointestinal pH and total surface area available for absorption, Food, Diseases, Complexation, drug stability and drug formulation, First pass effect), Drug distribution (Factors affecting drug distribution: Binding of drugs to plasma proteins, Binding of drugs to tissues, Blood flow and capillary permeability, Distribution of drugs through special barriers: Blood brain barrier (B.B.B), The placental and mammary transfer of drugs, Redistribution of drugs and Volume of distribution), Drug metabolism (Hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing system, Metabolic pathways: Phase 1 reaction and Phase 11 reactions, Enzyme induction and enzyme inhibition, Clinical importance of enzyme modulation and Factors affecting drug metabolism), Drug excretion (Renal elimination, Biliary excretion and enterohepatic circulation of drugs, Other routes of excretion like breast milk and salivary excretions, Factors affecting elimination of drugs), Pharmacokinetic principles (first order and zero order kinetics, Pharmacokinetics parameters: Half- life, Clearance, Volume of distribution, Bioavailability and Dosage regimens), Effects of diseases on drug’s pharmacokinetics (GIT diseases, Renal diseases, Liver diseases, Cardiac diseases, Respiratory diseases, Thyroid diseases and Migraine).

 

Adverse drug reactions:

• Types of adverse drug reactions, Causes of adverse drug reactions, Teratogensis and Benefit to risk ratio.

The Autonomic nervous system (15 hrs):

Chemical transmission and autonomic nervous system:

• Review of the anatomy and physiology of ANS and General Principles of chemical transmission.

Cholinergic transmission:

• Mechanism cholinergic transmission, Classification of cholinergic receptors, Effect of drugs on cholinergic transmission, Cholinomimetic drugs and cholinergic antagonists
• Adrenergic transmission:
• Mechanism of adrenergic transmission, Classification of adrenergic receptors, Effect of drugs on adrenergic transmission, adrenergic agonists and adrenergic antagonists.

Autacoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (15 hrs):

Autacoids:

• Pharmacology of histamine and antihistamine, Pharmacology of serotonin and its role in physiological and pathological conditions, Clinical applications of serotonin-related drugs (Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins and prostaglandin-related drugs, Leukotrienes), Platelet activating factor (PAF), Bradykinins, Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system, Endothelin, Nitric Oxide, Neuropeptides and natriuretic peptides, Vasopressin and vasopressin-related drugs, Cytokines, Cannabinoids (The endocannabinoid system, Biosynthesis and inactivation of endocannabinoids, Cannabinoids receptors (CB1 and CB2), Cannabinoid agonists and antagonists and Clinical applications of cannabinoid-related drugs).

NSAIDs:

• Classes of NSAIDs (non-selective and selective COX-2 inhibitors), Pharmacology of NSAIDs

Practical:

Objectives:

At the end of the course the student should be able to:

• Understand the common approaches encountered in experimental pharmacology, and to be able to demonstrate principle of good experimental designs.
• Develop the skills needed to select appropriate methods, prepare apparatuses and safety measurements.
• Prepare accurately the required solutions of drugs, administer required doses and to achieve required concentrations in vivo and in vitro settings.
• Handling of the laboratory animals
• Construct a dose-response curve for cholinergic and adrenergic drugs and determination of EC50 on isolated rabbit jejunum.

Contents:

Topics for consideration are:

• Introduction to the practical of pharmacology.
• Handling of laboratory animals and routes of the drug administration and calculation of the administered dose
• Calculation of drug doses in vitro.
• Dose response curves: Cholinergic agonists.
• Dose response curve: Cholinergic antagonists.
• Cholinesterase and anticholinesterase.
• Dose response curve: Adrenergic agonists.
• Dose response curve: Adrenergic antagonists.
• Effects of drugs on isolated rectus abdominis muscle of the frog.

Teaching Methods:

• Experiments
• Video shows and computer simulations.

Seminars and Tutorials:

The students should prepare hard and soft copies and be ready to present their work at class. Topics cover:

• Pharmacodynamics
• Adrenergic transmission.
• Cholinergic trasmission

List of Readings:

• Pharmacology, Rang MP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, (eds.), Churchill Livingstone, U.K.
• Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Katzung BG (ed.), MacGraw-Hill Companies. Inc.
• Goodman and Gilman’s: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, Gillman G, Rall TW, Nies AIS and Taylor P (eds.), MacGraw-Hill Companies. Inc.
• Lippincott’s illustrated Reviews- Pharmacology, Mycek MJ, Gelnet SB and Perper MM (eds.), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia.
• Clinical Pharmacology, Lawrence DR, Bennett PN, Brown MJ (eds.), Churchill Livingstone, U.K.
• Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Kulkarni SK, Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi.
• Fundamental of Experimental Pharmacology, Ghosh MN (ed.), Hilton & Company, Calcutta.
• Practical Pharmacology, Burn JH (ed.), Blackwell Scientific, Oxford London.
• Pharmacological Experiments on Isolated Preparation, Perry WLM (ed.), E&S Livingstone, London
• Drug Discovery and Evaluation: Pharmacological Assays, Vogel HG and Vogel WH (eds.), Springer, New York.

 

Course Name: Pharmacology II

Course Code: PH327

Intended semester: Semester (6)

Allocated hours: 3 credit hrs (2+1)

 

Course Description:

The course provides students with requisite knowledge about the pharmacology of the drugs acting on the renal, cardiovascular, respiratory and GIT systems.

Course Contacts:

Lectures                                                                                  45 hrs

Practical, tutorials and seminars                                             45 hrs

Total                                                                                        90 contact hrs

Objectives:

At the end of the course students will:

• Acquire basic knowledge on the pharmacological principles and therapeutic uses of the different pharmacological groups of drugs affecting the cardiovascular system.
• Be aware about the regulation of fluids and electrolytes by the kidney.
• Know the pharmacology of different diuretics classes and other renal drugs.
• Recognize different classes of drugs used in treatment of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cough and allergic rhinitis, and to describe the strategies employed for treating pulmonary diseases.
• Achieve adequate knowledge on different agents used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease (PUD), vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, irritable bowel disease (IBD) and inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS).

Course Pre-requisites: 

• Pharmacology I and its Pre-requisites.

Course content:

Lectures:

Diuretics and renal drugs (6 hrs):

• Review of renal function, Edema, Pharmacology of diuretics and their clinical uses, other renal drugs

Cardiovascular pharmacology (24 hrs):

Antihypertensive drugs:

• Etiology and pathophysiology of hypertension, the pharmacology of drugs used in treatment of hypertension (Diuretics, Sympatholytics, Vasodilators, Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system).

Drugs used in heart failure:

• Physiology of cardiac function, Pathophysiology of heart failure, Compensatory mechanism in heart failure, Pharmacology of drugs used in treatment of heart failure (Cardiac glycosides and other inotropic agents, Vasodilators, Beta-blockers and Diuretics).

Antianginal and myocardial infarction drugs:

• Myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow, Antianginal drugs, the pharmacology of drugs used in treatment of myocardial infarction.

Antiarrhythmic drugs:

• Electrophysiology of the heart (cardiac action potential), Pathophysiology of cardiac arrhythmias, Classification of cardiac arrhythmias, Pharmacology of antiarrhythmic drugs.

Drugs used in shock:

• Types of shock, Treatment of shock.

Drugs used in dyslipidaemia:

• Types of dyslipidaemia, Pathophysiology of dyslipidaemia and its relationship to coronary heart diseases, Pharmacology of drugs used in the management of dyslipidaemia.

Drugs used to treat anemia:

Review of types of anemia, Pharmacology of iron salts, B12, folic acid and other drugs used to treat anemia.

Hemostasis and thrombosis:

• Overview of hemostasis, Platelet aggregation and blood coagulation processes, Coagulation defects, Anti-platelets, Anticoagulants, Vitamin K, Fibrinolysis, fibrinolytics and antifibrinolytic drugs.

Drugs used in respiratory tract disorders (6 hrs):

• Types of cough, Pharmacology of antitussive agents, Drugs used for allergic rhinitis, Pathophysiology of asthma, Pharmacology of drugs used in the treatment of asthma, Pathophysiology of COPD, Pharmacology of drugs used in the management of COPD.

  

Drugs used in GIT disorders (9 hrs):

• Laxatives (Causes of constipation, Pharmacology of laxatives), Anti-diarrheal drugs, Emetics and antiemetic agents (Review of nausea/vomiting associated with motion sickness, pregnancy, drug therapy and radiation, Pharmacology of drugs used to control nausea/vomiting, Drugs used to induce vomiting), Drugs used in treatment of peptic ulcer disease PUD (Pathophysiology of PUD, Drugs used in the treatment of PUD), Drugs used in treatment of Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Drugs used in the treatment inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Drugs used in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Practical:

Objectives:

At the end of the course the student should be able to:

• Demonstrate the effects of histamine, oxytocic and tocolytic drugs on isolated preparations.
• Determine the stimulant or relaxant effect of an unknown drugs on isolated rabbit jejunum.
• Illustrate the pharmacological properties of unknown diuretics and to compare potencies of different classes.
• Evaluate the effect of autonomic drugs on rates and contraction of animal’s heart.

Contents:

Topics to consider are:

• Histamine and anaphylaxis.
• Direct agonist.
• Effects of drugs on isolated rat uterus.
• Spasmogens and their specific antagonists on isolated guinea pig ileum.
• Determination of pharmacological properties of unknown drug I.
• Determination of pharmacological properties of unknown drug II.
• Determination of the properties of unknown diuretics.
• Isolated perfused heart (Langendorff’s technique).
• Effects of autonomic drugs on frog heart in situ.

 

Teaching Methods:

• Experiments
• Video shows and computer simulations.

 

Seminars and Tutorials:

Cover the following topics:

• Cardiovascular system: hypertension.
• Cardiovascular system: heart failure, ischemic heart diseases.
• Respiratory tract system.
• Gastro intestinal tract system.

List of Readings:

• Pharmacology, Rang MP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, (eds.), Churchill Livingstone, U.K.
• Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Katzung BG (ed.), MacGraw-Hill Companies. Inc.
• Goodman and Gilman’s: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, Gillman G, Rall TW, Nies AIS and Taylor P (eds.), MacGraw-Hill Companies. Inc.
• Lippincott’s illustrated Reviews- Pharmacology, Mycek MJ, Gelnet SB and Perper MM (eds.), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia.
• Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Kulkarni SK, Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi.
• Fundamental of Experimental Pharmacology, Ghosh MN (ed.), Hilton & Company, Calcutta.
• Practical Pharmacology, Burn JH (ed.), Blackwell Scientific, Oxford London.
• Pharmacological Experiments on Isolated Preparation, Perry WLM (ed.), E&S Livingstone, London

 

Course Name: Pharmacology III

Course Code: PH417

Allocated hours: 3 credit hrs (2+1)

Intended semester: Semester (7)

Course Description:

The course is designed to impart the knowledge in the field of CNS and psychopharmacology Moreover; the course is intended to provide the students with sufficient knowledge on the pharmacology of drugs affecting endocrine system.

Course Contacts:

Lectures                                                                                  45 hrs

Practical, tutorials and seminars                                             45 hrs

Total                                                                                        90 contact hrs

Objectives:

At the end of the course students will:

• Be aware about the central neurotransmitters and their relations to different CNS diseases.
• Achieve adequate knowledge on pathophysiological aspects of CNS disorders and the most effective drugs used for their management.
• Be aware about the major endocrine disorders and their management concerning thyroid and anti-thyroid, anti-obesity, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids agents.

Course Pre-requisites: 

• Courses MS 315 and 325: Pharmacology I and II and their Pre-requisites

Course content:

Lectures:

CNS pharmacology (30 hours):

Introduction to CNS pharmacology:

• Central neurotransmitters.

Sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics:

• Pathophysiology of sleep disorders and anxiety, Pharmacology of sedative, hypnotics and anxiolytics.

 

Drugs used in treating motor disorders:

• Antiepileptic drugs (Cellular mechanisms underlying epilepsy, Types of epilepsy, Pharmacology of antiepileptic drugs), Antiparkinsonism drugs (Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease, Drugs used in Parkinson’s disease, Drugs used in Huntington’s chorea), Alzheimer’s drugs (Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease, Pharmacology of Alzheimer’s drugs), Muscle spasm and centrally acting muscle relaxants.

Narcotic analgesics:

• Pain sensation, Classification of narcotic analgesics, Pharmacology of narcotic analgesics

Psychopharmacology:

• Neuroleptic drugs (Overview of schizophrenia, Pharmacology of neuroleptic drugs), Drugs used in affective disorders (Nature of affective disorders, Types of antidepressant drugs, Pharmacology of antidepressant drugs, Non-pharmacological therapy of depression, Lithium, Management of mania, Management of bipolar disorders).

Psychostimulants and psychotonics:

• Convulsants and respiratory stimulants, psychomotor stimulants, Psychomimetic drugs

General anesthetics:

• Stages of anesthesia, Pharmacology of inhalation and I.V anesthetics, Premedication and other aids to anesthesia.

Local anesthetics:

• Pharmacology of local anesthetic agents.

Drug abuse:

• Drugs of potential abuse, Drug dependence, addiction and habituation, Problems associated with drug dependence.

Endocrine pharmacology 1 (15 hours)

Introduction to endocrine pharmacology:

• Endocrine target cells, Feedback mechanism, Second messengers

Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones:

• Growth hormone, Treatment of obesity (Hormonal control of appetite and satiety, Anti-obesity drugs, Other drugs that decrease food intake or reduce weight), The gonadotropins (FSH and LH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and its analogs, GnRH receptor antagonists, Prolactin, Oxytocin, Vasopressin (Antidiuretic hormone, ADH).

Thyroid and antithyroid agents

Adrencorticoids and adrenocortical antagonists:

• Glucocorticoids, Mineralocoriticoids.

Practical:

Objectives:

At the end of the course the student should be able to:

• Understand the ethics of laboratory practice and animal ethics.
• Assess the activity of analgesics anti-inflammatory, local anesthetics and some CNS depressants.
• Demonstrate the hypo-/hyperthermic effects of various drugs.

Contents:

Topics to consider are:

• Effects of drugs on body temperature.
• Evaluation of anti-inflammatory drugs.
• Assessment of sedative and hypnotic activities.
• Assessment of analgesic activity.
• Assessment of local anesthetic activity.
• Assessment of anxiolytic and anticonvulsant activities.

Teaching Methods:

• Experiments
• Video shows and computer simulations.

Seminars and Tutorials:

Cover the following topics:

• Epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs.
• Schizophrenia and neuroleptics.
• Antidepressant drugs
• General and local anesthetics.
• Thyroid and antithyroid drugs.
• Anti-obesity drugs

List of Readings:

• Pharmacology, Rang MP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, (eds.), Churchill Livingstone, U.K.
• Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Katzung BG (ed.), MacGraw-Hill Companies. Inc.
• Goodman and Gilman’s: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, Gillman G, Rall TW, Nies AIS and Taylor P (eds.), MacGraw-Hill Companies. Inc.
• Lippincott’s illustrated Reviews- Pharmacology, Mycek MJ, Gelnet SB and Perper MM (eds.), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia.
• Handbook of clinical psychopharmacology for therapists, John D Preston, John H O’Neal and Mary C Talaga (eds.), New Harbinger Publications, USA
• Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Kulkarni SK, Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi
• Fundamental of Experimental Pharmacology, Ghosh MN (ed.), Hilton & Company, Calcutta.
• Practical Pharmacology, Burn JH (ed.), Blackwell Scientific, Oxford London.
• Pharmacological Experiments on Isolated Preparation, Perry WLM (ed.), E&S Livingstone, London.

 

Course Name: Pharmacology IV

Course Code: PH427

Allocated hours: 3 credit hrs (2+1)

Intended semester: Semester 8

Course Description:

The course intended to provide the students with sufficient knowledge on the pharmacology of drugs affecting endocrine system. Additionally, the course equips the student with fundamental knowledge aboutthe pharmacology of the different classes of chemotherapeutic agents.

Course Contacts:

Lectures                                                                                  45 hrs

Practical, tutorials and seminars                                             45 hrs

Total                                                                                        90 contact hrs

Objectives:

At the end of the course students will:

• Be aware about the major endocrine disorders and their management concerning anti-diabetics, contraceptive agents, and the role of hormonal regulators and non-hormonal agents on bone minerals homeostasis.
• Have sufficient knowledge on pharmacology, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects of antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antihelminthics and anticancer agents.
• Be aware about development of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents.

 

Course Pre-requisites: 

• Courses MS 315 and 325: Pharmacology I and II and their Pre-requisites
• Courses MS 326 and 416: Basic Microbiology I and II

 

Course content:

Lectures:

Endocrine pharmacology 2 (15 hrs)

Pancreatic hormones and anti-diabetic drugs:

• Insulin synthesis, secretion and endocrine effects, Diabetes mellitus, Insulin sources, preparations, regimens and delivery systems, Oral hypoglycemic agents, New therapies for diabetes (incretins and amylin analogs), Glucagon.

Agents affecting bone mineral homeostasis:

• Hormonal regulators of bone mineral homeostasis (Parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, calcitonin, estrogens and glucocorticoids), Disorders involving the bone mineral-regulating hormones and their management (Primary hyperparathyroidism, Hypoparathyroidism, Chronic kidney disease, Intestinal osteodystrophy, Osteoporosis, Paget’s disease of bone, Vitamin D-dependent rickets types i and ii).

The reproductive system: The gonadal hormones and inhibitors:

• Menstrual cycle and disturbances in the ovarian function (Estrogens: pharmacodynamics and clinical uses, Anti –estrogens, Progestins: pharmacodynamics and clinical uses, Anti-progestogens), Neurohormonal control of the male reproductive system (Androgens and anabolic steroids, Androgen suppression and antiandrogens), Drugs used for contraception (Oral contraceptives, Postcoital contraceptives, other methods for contraception).

Clinical chemotherapy (30 hrs):

Basic principles of chemotherapy:

• Molecular basis of chemotherapy, Drug combinations, Choice of appropriate chemotherapeutic agents, Determinants of rational dosing of antibiotics, Use of antibiotics for prophylaxis, Complications of antimicrobial therapy.

Antibacterial agents:

• Beta-Lactam and other cell wall/membrane active antibiotics (Penicillins, Cephalosporin and cephamycines, Monobactams, Carbapenems, Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, Daptomycin, Fosfomycin, Bacitracin), Bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors (Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol, Aminoglycosides, Macrolides, Clindamycin, Other antibiotics like streptogramins and linezolid), Antifolate drugs (Sulphonamides, cotrimoxazole and dapsone), Topoisomerase inhibitors (Quinolones and fluoroquinolones)

Antimycobacterial agents

• Pathophysiology and drugs used in tuberculosis, First-line agents (Isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol and streptomycin), Second-line agents (amikacin, aminosalicylic acid, capreomycin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, clofazimine, cycloserine, ethionamide, rifabutin and rifapentine), Regimens and recommended duration of therapy, Drugs active against atypical mycobacteria, Drugs used to treat leprosy.

Antifungal drugs

• Drugs for systemic infections, Oral drugs for mucocutaneous infections, Topical drugs for mucocutaneous infections.

 

Antiviral drugs

• Viral replication and mechanism of antiviral actions, Agents to treat herpes and cytomegalovirus infections, Drugs for respiratory virus infections (anti-influenza agents), Drugs for hepatic viral infections (HBV and HCV), Drugs for HIV infection (antiretroviral agents), Combination therapy for HIV infections.

Antiprotozoal drugs:

• Malaria, Amoebiasis and giardiasis, Leishmaniasis, Trypanosomiasis, Trichomoniasis, Toxoplasmosis.

Anthelmintic drugs

• Helminth infections (nematodes, trematodes and cestodes), Drugs used for treatment of parasitic nematodes, Drugs used for treatment of parasitic trematodes, Drugs used for treatment parasitic cestodes.

Cancer chemotherapy

• Introduction (Pathogenesis of cancer, Oncogenesis, Cell cycle and classification of antineoplastic agents), Principles of cancer chemotherapy, Problems associated with cancer chemotherapy (Resistance, Toxicity and Treatment-induced tumors), Individual anticancer drugs (Alkylating agents, Antimetabolites, Plants alkaloids, Antibiotics, Hormones, Monoclonal antibodies and miscellaneous), Radio-pharmaceuticals, Radio-sensitizers, Possible future strategy for cancer chemotherapy.

Practical:

Objectives:

At the end of the course the student should be able to:

• Organize, validate, analyze and interpret the data obtained from experiments.
• Determine the concentration of different agonist using three and four-point assay.
• Determine the potency of antagonist using PA₂

Contents:

Topics to consider are:

• Introduction: bioassay.
• Three point assay.
• Four point assay.
• Determination of PA2 value.
• Bioassay of histamine.
• Bioassay of oxytocin.

Teaching Methods:

• Experiments
• Video shows and computer simulations.

Seminars and Tutorials:

Cover the following topics:

• Anti-diabetic drugs.
• Contraceptives
• Antiprotozoals, antifungals.
• Antivirals
• Anticancers

List of Readings:

• Pharmacology, Rang MP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, (eds.), Churchill Livingstone, U.K.
• Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Katzung BG (ed.), MacGraw-Hill Companies. Inc.
• Goodman and Gilman’s: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, Gillman G, Rall TW, Nies AIS and Taylor P (eds.), MacGraw-Hill Companies. Inc.
• Lippincott’s illustrated Reviews- Pharmacology, Mycek MJ, Gelnet SB and Perper MM (eds.), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia.
• Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Kulkarni SK, Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi
• Fundamental of Experimental Pharmacology, Ghosh MN (ed.), Hilton & Company, Calcutta.
• Practical Pharmacology, Burn JH (ed.), Blackwell Scientific, Oxford London.
• Pharmacological Experiments on Isolated Preparation, Perry WLM (ed.), E&S Livingstone, London.

 

Course Name: Pharmacology V

Course Code: MS 515

Intended semester: Semester 8

Allocated hours: 2 credit hrs (2+0)

Course Description:

The course enables the student to gain fundamental knowledge about drugs used during pregnancy and lactation as well as dermatological, ocular, ear and common veterinary drugs. Moreover, the course will provide the students with general concepts of drug interactions. Additionally, the course is intended to provide the students with the key knowledge on the pharmacology of the different classes of immunomodulators.

Course Contacts:

 Lectures                                                                                 30 hrs

 

Objectives:

At the end of the course students will:

• Be equipped with necessary knowledge for safe, effective, and rational drug therapy with special emphasis on pregnant and lactating women, newborns, children and old-aged patients.
• Be familiar with different classes of drugs used in treating eye, ear and skin diseases especially acne and psoriasis.
• Be familiar with common veterinary drugs.
• Appreciate the possible drug-drug, drug-food, drug-herbal interactions and identify the underlying mechanisms for these interactions.
• Understand the mechanism of action, clinical uses and adverse effects of immunosuppressants, and identify the cytokine-based therapies and other immunomodulators.

Course Pre-requisites: 

Courses MS 315 and 325: Pharmacology I and II and their Pre-requisites

Courses MS 326 and 416: Basic Microbiology I and II

Course content:

Lectures

Special Topics (20 hours):

Drugs in pregnancy and lactation (2 hrs):

• Drug deposition in pregnancy and placental transfer of drugs, Drug safety during pregnancy and lactation, FDA categorization of drugs during pregnancy, Drugs used during breast feeding.

Drug at extreme of age (2 hrs):

• Drugs in neonates and children, Drugs in old age.

Dermatotherapy and drug induced skin disorders (5 hrs):

Treatment of acne, Treatment of psoriasis, Treatment of dermatitis (Atopic dermatitis/ Allergic contact dermatitis/ seborrheic dermatitis), Treatment of idiosyncratic/allergic reactions/ Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Treatment of drug eruptions/acneiform eruptions, Treatment of erythema multiforme/Erythema nodosum, Treatment of drug hypersensitivity syndrome, angioneurotic edema, urticaria and purpura, Treatment of photosensitivity (Erythema and sunburn, Photocarcinogenesis, Photoprotection and evaluation of sunscreens).

Drugs used in eye and ear (4 hrs)

Drugs used in eye diseases (Overview of ocular anatomy, physiology and biochemistry, Pharmacokinetic and toxicology of ocular therapeutic agents, Therapeutic and diagnostic application of drugs in ophthalmology, Antibacterial, antiviral, antiprotozoal, autonomic agents and immunomodulators, Drugs and biological agents used in ophthalmic surgery, and Agents used in ocular diagnosis), Drugs used in ear diseases

Drug interactions (5 hrs)

Basic mechanism of drug interaction, Drug interaction in vivo( Drug interaction in the intestine, Drug interaction involving drug metabolizing enzymes, Drug interaction at plasma and receptor-binding sites, Drug interaction and excretory mechanisms), Detailed study of drug-drug, food-drug and herb-drug interactions, Management and prevention, Drug interaction of clinical advantages.

Veterinary pharmacology (2 hrs)

Treatment of selected infectious diseases in animals, Treatment of GIT diseases in dogs and cats, Anthelmetic agents used for prevention and treatment of animals, Management of congestive heart failure in dogs, Antiarrythmic agents in horses, Nutritional supplements for chickens, Consideration govern drugs use in neonatal animals, Diagnosis and treatment of animal’s diseases caused by chemical poisons

Immunopharmacology (10 hrs):

• Overview of immune response
• Innate and adaptive immune responses
• Hypersensitivity reactions
• Types of hypersensitivity reactions
• Autoimmune diseases
• Tissue transplantation
• Immunomodulators
• Monoclonal antibodies and therapies based on cytokines.
• Drugs used in gout
• Drugs used in rheumatoid arthritis.

 

List of Readings:

• Pharmacology, Rang MP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, (eds.), Churchill Livingstone, U.K.
• Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Katzung BG (ed.), MacGraw-Hill Companies. Inc.
• Goodman and Gilman’s: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, Gillman G, Rall TW, Nies AIS and Taylor P (eds.), MacGraw-Hill Companies. Inc.
• Lippincott’s illustrated Reviews- Pharmacology, Mycek MJ, Gelnet SB and Perper MM (eds.), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia.

 

Course Name: Toxicology

Course Code: MS 517

Intended semester: Semester 9

Allocated hours: 2 credit hrs (1+1)

Intended semester: Semester 9

Course Description:

The course is designed to impart the knowledge in the field of toxicology. Moreover; the course will provide the students with general concepts of toxicology, with special emphasis on toxic drugs, metals, plants and animal toxins; and the management of poisoned-patient.

Contact hours:       

Lectures                                            15 hrs

Practical, tutorials and seminars         45 hrs

Total                                               60 contact hrs

 

Objectives:

At the end of the course students will be able to:

• Define the descriptive, genetic, environmental toxicology,
• Grasp sufficient knowledge about the appropriate management of the poisoned-patients.

Course content:

Lectures (15 hrs)

General toxicology:

• Environmental and occupational toxicology
• Descriptive toxicology and tests in animals
• Heavy metals and chelating agents
• Genetic toxicology
• Plants and animal toxins
• Radiation hazards

 

Clinical toxicology:

• Evaluation of poisoning and treatment
• Selected poisons and drug overdose
• Therapeutic drugs and antidotes

Practical (30 hrs)

Objectives:

At the end of the course the student should be able to:

• Understand common poison effects (pesticides, corrosives, irritants and hemolytic poisons) and their management.
• Determine LD₅₀

Content:

Topics to be covered are:

• Extraction and detection of poisons.
• Urine pH and excretion of poisons
• Determination of LD ₅₀.
• Poisons and their antidotes.
• Corrosives, irritants and hemolytic poisons.
• Pesticide toxicity, behavioral toxicity.

Seminars and Tutorials: (15 hrs)

Topics for consideration are:

• Evaluation and management of selected poisoned-patients
• The immune responses
• Hypersensitivity reactions

List of Readings:

Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Katzung BG (ed.), MacGraw-Hill Companies. Inc.

Poisoning and Drug Overdose, Kent Olson (ed.), 6th edition, McGraw-Hill Medical publishing, 2011

Textbook of Modern Toxicology Ernest Hodgson (ed.), 4th ed., John Wiley and sons, 2011

• Pharmacology, Rang MP, Dale MM, Ritter JM (eds.), Churchill Livingstone, U.K.
• Goodman and Gilman’s: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, Gillman G, Rall TW, Nies AIS and Taylor P (eds.), MacGraw-Hill Companies. Inc.
• Lippincott’s illustrated Reviews- Pharmacology, Mycek MJ, Gelnet SB and Perper MM (eds.), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia.
• Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Kulkarni SK, Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi.
• Fundamental of Experimental Pharmacology, Ghosh MN (ed.), Hilton & Company, Calcutta.
• Practical Pharmacology, Burn JH (ed.), Blackwell Scientific, Oxford London.
• Pharmacological Experiments on Isolated Preparation, Perry WLM (ed.), E&S Livingstone, London

 

Course Name: Therapeutics

Course Code: MS 528

Intended semester: Semester 10

Allocated hours: 4 credit hrs (3+1)

Intended semester: Semester 10

Course Description:

The course is intended to introduce the pharmacotherapy concepts concerning selection of the appropriate therapy in the management of diseases using evidenced-based guidelines, in addition to provide the students with the fundamental knowledge, training and experience in drug therapy with special emphasis on medication’s safety, administration and monitoring. Additionally, the course equips the student with fundamental knowledge about pharmacogenetics.

Course Contacts:       

Lectures                                             45 hrs

Practical, tutorials and seminars         45 hrs

Total                                                    90 contact hrs

 

Course Objectives:

At the end of the course students will be able to:

• Grasp sufficient knowledge about common diseases concerning the clinical presentation, risk factors and prognosis.
• Be aware about the different diagnostic tests for common diseases and to interpret the results
• Determine current or potential drug therapy problems for an individual patient.
• Be able to select the appropriate therapy for an individual patient.
• Develop, justify and evaluate a care plan to meet the stated goals of therapy
• Grasp the basic knowledge about pharmacogenetics

Pharmacotherapy (45 hrs)

Introduction:

Evidence-based pharmacotherapy, Laboratory and diagnostic tests for common diseases.

Cardiovascular diseases:

Hypertension:

Blood pressure levels classifications and treatment goals, Appropriate measurement of blood pressure, Lifestyle modifications and pharmacotherapy for patients with hypertension, Construction of an appropriate monitoring plan, Populations requiring special consideration when designing a treatment plan.

Heart Failure (HF):

Signs and symptoms of HF and the New York Heart, Association (NYHA) and ABC Functional Classification, Goals of therapy for a patient with acute or chronic HF, Non-pharmacologic treatment and patient education, Specific evidence-based pharmacologic treatment plan, Therapeutic monitoring plan construction.

Ischemic Heart Diseases (IHDs):

Classification of IHDs, Risk factors for the development of IHDs, Signs, symptoms and diagnostic criteria of IHDs in a specific patient, Treatment goals of IHDs and appropriate lifestyle modifications and pharmacologic therapy to address each goal, Therapeutic regimen for the management of IHDs based on patient-specific information, Monitoring plan to assess effectiveness and adverse effects of IHDs drug regimen.

Renal diseases:

Acute renal failure (ARF):

Assessment of a patient’s kidney function based on clinical presentation, laboratory results and urinary indices, Pharmacotherapeutic outcomes and endpoints of therapy, Construction of treatment plan including a diuretic regimen, Management of complications associated with ARF, Develop strategies to minimize the occurrence of ARF, Monitoring and evaluation of the safety and efficacy of the therapeutic plan.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD):

Risk factors and mechanisms involved in progression of CKD, Desired outcomes for treatment of CKD, Therapeutic approach to slow progression of CKD, including pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies, Consequences associated with CKD and therapeutic approach to manage them, Monitoring plan to assess the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for CKD and specific consequences, Patient education about the disease state, the specific consequences, lifestyle modifications, and pharmacologic therapies used for treatment of CKD.

 

Respiratory system diseases:

Bronchial asthma:

Goals of asthma management, Classification of asthma severity based on asthma symptoms, Environmental control strategies for patients with allergies, Patient education on the use of inhaled drug delivery devices, peak flow monitors, and asthma education plans, Therapeutic plans for patients with acute and chronic asthma, Evaluation of asthma therapy.

Gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) diseases:

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD):

Typical, atypical, and complicated symptoms of GERD, Diagnostic tests, Desired therapeutic outcomes, Non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions, Monitoring plan to assess the effectiveness and safety of pharmacotherapy, Patient’s education on appropriate lifestyle modifications and drug therapy including compliance, adverse effects, and drug interactions.

Peptic Ulcer Diseases (PUDs):

Helicobacter pylori (HP)-induced ulcer vs NSAIDs-induced ulcer, Desired therapeutic outcomes, Treatment plans for HP-induced and NSAID-induced ulcers, Prevention of NSAID-induced ulcer, Monitoring plan and patient education.

Inflammatory Bowl Diseases (IBDs):

Signs and symptoms of ulcerative colitis and crohn’s disease, Desired therapeutic outcomes, Pharmacologic treatments for acute or chronic symptoms, Patient-specific drug treatment plan based on symptoms, severity, and location of ulcerative colitis or crohn’s disease, Therapeutic monitoring plan and patient education.

Liver diseases:

Viral hepatitis:

Introduction: Types of viral hepatitis by their epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation and natural history, Modes of transmission and risk factors, Diagnostic serological tests, Treatment goals, Pharmacotherapy for prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis, Monitoring plan to assess the untoward effects of agents used to treat viral hepatitis.

Central nervous system (CNS):

Depression:

Symptoms and clinical features of major depressive disorder, Treatment plan, Pharmacotherapuetic goals in major depressive disorder and patient’s education.

Schizophrenia:

Treatment goals, Appropriate antipsychotic medications based on patient-specific data, Comparison of side-effect profiles of individual antipsychotics, Monitoring plan to assess the effectiveness and safety of antipsychotic medications, Education of patients and families about schizophrenia, treatments, and the importance of adherence to antipsychotic treatment.

Epilepsy:

Epidemiology and social impact of epilepsy, Treatment of epilepsy (Therapeutic goals for pharmacotherapy, Nonpharmacologic treatments for epilepsy, Appropriate pharmacotherapeutic regimen, Monitoring parameters for the pharmacotherapy of epilepsy, Switching from one antiepileptic regimen to a different regimen, Complications of pharmacotherapy and drug interaction, Patient and caregiver education on epilepsy and its pharmacotherapy).

Parkinsonism:

Motor and non-motor symptoms as well as symptoms that indicate disease progression, Desired therapeutic goals, Lifestyle modifications and pharmacotherapy, Drug and non-drug interventions for treating the non-motor symptoms, Monitoring plan to assess effectiveness and adverse effects of therapy, Patient education.

Musculoskeletal system diseases:

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA):

Risk factors, Clinical presentation, Comorbidities associated with RA, Treatment goals, Selection of the appropriate regimen for a given patient, Patient education, Monitoring plan to evaluate the safety and efficacy of therapy.

Osteoarthritis (OA):

Risk factors, Signs and symptoms, Goals of therapy, Non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic plan, Monitoring parameters to assess effectiveness and adverse effects of therapy, Disease-state counseling, including lifestyle modifications and drug therapy.

Endocrine diseases:

Diabetes Mellitus (DM):

Epidemiology and economic impact, Screening and diagnostic criteria, Clinical differences in type 1, type 2 and gestational DM, Therapeutic goals for blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipids for diabetic patient, Non-pharmacologic therapies, Selection of an appropriate insulin therapy based on onset, peak, and duration of action, Monitoring plan and patient education.

Thyroid disorders:

Prevalence of thyroid disorders (subclinical and overt hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism), Diagnostic tests, Signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism and the consequences of inadequate treatment, Levothyroxine (initial dose and dose titration, patient monitoring and bioequivalence), Graves’ disease (signs, symptoms and the consequences of inadequate treatment), Management of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in pregnant women, Pharmacotherapy of Graves’ disease, Patient education about thyroid disorders.

Contraception:

Oral contraceptives and other available methods, Advantages and disadvantages of various contraceptives, Risks associated with the use of contraceptives and absolute and relative contraindications to their use, Side effects associated with the use of contraceptives and recommend strategies for minimizing or eliminating such side effects, Drug interactions with oral contraceptives, Patient education regarding the important differences between various barrier contraceptive, use of oral and non-oral contraceptives.

Pediatrics sessions:

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences in pediatrics:

• Different age groups within the pediatric population, Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences in pediatric versus adult patients, Factors affecting selection of safe and effective drug therapy in pediatric patients, Strategies for appropriate medication administration to infants and young children.

Pharmacogenetics:

• Genetic basis for variability in drug response, Acetylation status, Suxamethonium sensitivity, Deficiency of glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase, Acute prophyria, Genetic disorders with altered drug sensitivity.

Practical:

Objectives:

At the end of the course the student should be able to:

• Apply the concept of P-drug
• Understand the common diseases concerning the clinical presentations, risk factors and prognosis.
• Justify the selection of a preferred alternative for a given therapeutic scenario based on assessment of relevant therapeutic alternatives.

Contents:

The following topics will be covered:

• Problem based pharmacotherapy (P-drug).
• Respiratory system: bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
• Gastro-intestinal tract (GIT): peptic ulcer diseases (PUDs), gastroesophageal reflux disease and inflammatory bowl diseases (IBDs).
• Cardiovascular system: hypertension, congestive heart failure, IHDs.
• Renal system: acute renal failure (ARF), chronic renal failure (CRF).
• Antibiotics: URTIs, LRTIs, UTIs.
• Liver diseases: viral hepatitis.
• Musculoskeletal system: rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA).
• Central nervous system: depression, schizophrenia.
• Central nervous system: epilepsy, Parkinsonism.
• Skin diseases: psoriasis, acne and atopic and contact dermatitis.
• Endemic diseases: malaria, pulmonary tuberculosis (TB).
• Endocrine diseases: diabetes mellitus (DM).
• Endocrine diseases: thyroid disorders and contraceptives
• Pediatrics sessions: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences in pediatrics, and pediatric immunizations.

 

Teaching methods:

Problem-based pharmacotherapy

 

List of Readings:

• Pharmacology, Rang MP, Dale MM, Ritter JM (eds.), Churchill Livingstone, U.K.
• Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Katzung BG (ed.), MacGraw-Hill Companies. Inc.
• Goodman and Gilman’s: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, Gillman G, Rall TW, Nies AIS and Taylor P (eds.), MacGraw-Hill Companies. Inc.
• Lippincott’s illustrated Reviews- Pharmacology, Mycek MJ, Gelnet SB and Perper MM (eds.), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia.
• Koda-Kimble & Young’s Applied therapeutics: the clinical use of drugs, Brain K Alldredge, Robin L Corelli, Michael E Ernst, et al. (eds.), 10th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013.
• Experimental Therapeutics, Martin R Wilkins (ed.), Taylor & Francis, London, 2003.
• Pathology and Therapeutics for Pharmacists: A basis for clinical pharmacy practice, Russell J Greene and Norman D Harris (eds.), 3rd edition, Pharmaceutical Press, 2008.
• Pharmacotherapy: A pathophysiologial approach, Joseph T. DiPiro, Robert L. Talbert, Gary C. Yee, Gary R. Matzke, Barbara G. Wells and L. Michael Posey (eds.), McGraw-Hill Companies, USA.
• Pharmacotherapy Principles and Practice, Marie A. Chisholm-Burns, Barbara G.Wells, Terry L. Schwinghammer, et al. (eds.), 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill Medical, 2013.
• Pharmacotherapy Handbook, Barbara G Wells, Joseph T Dipiro, Terry L Schwinghammer, Cecily V DiPiro (eds.), 9th edition, McGraw-Hill Medical, 2014
• Evidence-based pharmacotherapy: Optimal Patent Care-Best Knowledge + Competent practitioner. Elaine Chiquette and L. Michael Posey (eds.). 1st edition, McGraw-Hill Medical, 2007.